Shri Virindar Kumar Satyawadi v. The State of Punjab.

Ayyar J. nomination paper fall wiJhin section J95(l)(b) of the

Code of Crirn:nal Procedure, it must be shown not merely that they are judicial in character but that fur the! he is acting as a Court in respect thereof. It is a familiar feature of modern legislation to set up bodies and tribunals, and entrust to them work of a judicial character, but they are not Courts in the ac-cepted sense of that term, though they may possess, as observed by Lord Sankey, L.C. in Shell Company of Austral/a v. Federal Conl1n/ssio11er of Taxation( 1 some ), of the trappings of a Court. The distinction between Courts and Tribunals exercising quasi-judicial func-tions is well established, though whether an authority constituted by a particular enactment falls within one category o;· tl1e other may, on the provisions of that emctment, be open to argument.

There has been considerable discussion in the Courts in England and Australia as to what are the essential characteristics of a Court as distinguished from a tribuna! e;.rcrmmg quasi-judicial functions. Vide Shell Company of Australia v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation('), R. v. London County Council('), Cooper v. Wilson(.'), Hurl dart Parker and Co. v. Moorehead('), and Rola Co. v. The C~mmonwealth ('). In this Court, the question was considered in some fuln(:" in Tiharat Bank Ltd. v. Employees of Bharat Bani: Ltd.( ). It is unnecessary to traverse the same ground once again. It may be stated broadlv that what distinguishes a Court fro1n a quasi-judicial tribu. rrai is thot it is charged with a duty to decide dis-putes in a judicial manner and decbre the .rights of parties in a definitive judgment. To decide in a judi-cial manner involves that the parties are entitled as a matter of right to be heard in support of their claim 1955 and to adduce evidence in proof of it. And it also Shri V rindar imports an obligation on the part of the authority to K •mar Satyawadi decide the matter on a consideration of the evidence v. The State of adduced and in accordance with law. When a ques-Ponjab tion therefore arises as to whether an authority V enkatarama created by an Act is a Court as distinguished from a Ayyar J. quasi-judicial tribunal, what has to be decided is whether having regard to the provisions of the Act it possesses all the attributes of a Court.

We have now to decide whether in view of the principles above stated and the functions and powers entrusted to the returning officer under the Act, he is a court. The statutory provision bearing on this matter is section 36. Under section 36(2), the return-ing officer has to examine the nomination paper and decide all obiections which mav be made thereto.

This power is undoubtedly judicial in character. But in exercising this power, he is authorised to come to a decision "after such summary enquiry, if any, as he thinks necessary". That means that the parties have no right to insist on producing evidence which they mav desire to .adduce in support of their case. There is no machinery provided for summoning of witnesses, or of compelling production of documents in an enqmry under section 36. The returning officer is entitled to act suo motu in the matter. When one compares this procedure with that prescribed for trial of election petitions by the Election Tribunal under sections 90 and 92 of the Act, the difference between the two becomes marked. While the proceedings be-fore the Election Tribunal approximate in all essential matters to proceedings in civil courts, the proceedings under section 36 present a different picture. There is no !is, in which persons with opposing claims are entitled to have their rights adjuoicated in a judicial manner, but an enquiry such as is usually conducted by an ad hoc tribunal entrusted with a quasi-judicial power. In other words, the function of the returning officer acting under section 36 is judicial in character, but he is not to act judicially in discharging it. We are of opinion that the returning officer deciding on M-85 S. C. India/59

19;5 the validity of a nomination paper is not a Court foe Sltri Viriru/ar the purpose of section 195(1)(b) of the Code of Crimi-K11ntar S1dyarotJtli nal Procedure, and the result is that even as regards

v. the charge under section 193, the order of the T/r4 Stale of

PW!ia6 Magistrate was not appealable, as the offence was not V1nkatarbma committed in or in relation to any proceeding in a Ayyar]. Court. In this view, the learned Sessions Judge was

right in dismissing the appeal as incompetent, and the question argued by Mr. N. C. Chatterjee that the learned Judge of the High Court ought to have remanded the case for hearing by the Sessions Judge on the merits does not arise.

It was next argued for the appellant that as the application for initiating prosecution under section 193 was made under section 476 on the assumption that the returning officer was a court, the order passed thereon must, in the view that he was not a Court, be quashed as without jurisdiction. But then, it should be noted that the application was presented under section 195 also, and it was necessary to move the returning officer under section 195 ( 1 )(a) with reference . to the offences under sections 181 and 182, and there could be no question of quashing the order as without jurisdiction. Even as regards section 193, the position is this : It has no doubt been held that section 476 must be taken to be exhaustive of all the powers of a' Court as such to lay a complaint, and that a complaint filed by it otherwise than under that section should not be entertained. But there is abundant authority that section 476 does not pre-clude the officer presiding over a Court from himself preferring a complaint, and that the jurisdiction of the Magistrate before whom the complaint is laid to try it like any other complaint is not taken away by that section. Vide · Meher Singh v. Emperor( ), Emperor v. Nanak Chand('), Har Prasad v. Emperor(') and Channu Lal v. Rex('). There is thus no legal impedi-ment to a returning officer filing a . complaint under sections 181 and 182 as provided in section 195(1)(a) and charging the accused therein with also an offence (I) A.LR. 1933 Lah. 884. (2) A.l.R. 1943 Lah.208. under section 193, In this connection, it should be 1955 mentioned that the appellant himself took the objec-S/lri 'VirilfliM tion before the Magistrate that qua returning officer JC' umar SalJawadi he was not a Court and that the proceedings under v. Tl11Stal1of section 476 were incompetent, and that that was Punjab overruled on the ground that it was an enabling sec-V 1nkalarar114 tion. There is, therefore, no ground for holding that Ayyar J. the order dated 17-9-1952 was without jurisdiction.

It was finally contended that the Magistrate was under a misapprehension in stating that the appel-lant had declared that he was born a Balmiki, whereas, in fact, he only declared that he was a Balmiki by caste. But it was the appellant himself who pleaded in his counter-affidavit that he was not a Muslim by birth, and was born in a Balmiki Hindu family, and the observation of the Magistrate has ob-vious reference to what was pleaded and argued by the appellant. And it should also be noted that no objection was taken either in the grounds of appeal to the Sessions Court or in revision to the High Court with reference to the above remark. Moreover, the charge as laid in the complaint is that the declaration of the appellant in the nomination paper that he "was a member of the Balmiki caste" was false. There is accordingly no substance in this contention.

It must be emphasised that in the view that the order of the Magistrate dated 17-9-1952 was final, this appeal being really directed against that order there must be exceptional grounds before we can interfere with it in special appeal, and none such has been established. On the other hand, whether action should be taken under section 195 is a matter pri-marily for the Court which hears the application, and its discretion is not to be lightly interfered with in appeal, even when that is competent. But where, as here, the legislature does not provide for an appeal, it is preposterous on the part of the appellant to in-vite this Court to interfere in special appeal.

This appeal is accordingly dismissed.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION ; Criminal Appeal No. 62 of 1954.

Appeal by special leave from thr. Judgment and Order dated the 10th June 1953 of the Punjab High Court at Simla in Criminal Revision No. 86 of 1953 ari,ing out of the Judgment and Order dated the 7th January 1953 of the Court of Sessions Judge, Kamal in Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 1952.

N. C. Chatterjee, (Vir Sen Sawhney and Rajinder Narain, with him) for the appellant.

Copa! Singh and P. G. Gokhale, for the respon-dent.

195~ . 1955. November 24. The Judgment of the Shri Virindar Court was delivered by Kt4mar Salyawadi VENKATARAMA AYYAR J.-Thc appellant was a

v. candidate for election to the House of the People The Staid of

Puniab from the Kamal Reserved Constituency during the

Ja,t General Electio;is. The proviso to section 33(3) of the Representation of the People Act (XL!II of 1951), omitting what is not material, enacts "that in a constituencv where anv seat is reserved for the Scheduled C~stes, no c~ndiate shall be deemed to be qualified to be chosen to fill that seat unless his nomi-nation paper is accompanied by a declaration veri-fied in the prescribed manner that the candidate is a member of the Scheduled Castes for which the seat has been so reserved and the declaration specifies the particular caste of which the candidate is a member and aiso the area in relation to which such caste is one of the Schedule Castes"_ Rule 6 of the Election Rules provides that t:1e declaration referred to in the above proviso shall be verified by the candidate on oath or solemn affirmation before a Magistrate. Sche-dule II co;itains t11c frmn of nomination paper to he usd, with the terms in which the declaration is to he made by the candidate and verified by the Magistrate: On 5-11-1951 the appelhnt signed two nomination papers, each containing the following declaration:

"I hereby declare that I am a member of tbc Balmiki Caste which has been declared to be a Sche-duled Caste in the State of Punjab".

The Balmiki Caste is one of the castes declared to he .1 Scheduled Caste under the "Constitution (Sche-duled Castes) Order, 1950". The above declaration was made on solemn affirmation before the First Class Magistrate, Kamal, and the nomination papers with the above declaration were filed before the District Magistrate, Kamal, who was the returning officer. One Jai Ram Sarup, a member of the Chamar caste, which is one of the Scheduled Castes, was also a candid•tc for the seat, and he raised the objection that the ap-pellant was not a Balmiki by caste, and that he was therefore not oualified to stand for election to the re-sen·ed Constitu,ency. Acting on the declaration afore-said, the returning officer overruled the objection, 1955 and accepted the nomination paper of the appellant Shri Virilldar as valid. At the polling, the appellant got the majo-Kumar Saty awadi rity of votes, and on 6-3-1952 he was declared duly v. Tiu Stat• of elected. Punjab

On 27-8-1952 Jai Ram Sarup filed the application V1nkalarama out of which the present appeal arises, under sections AyyarJ. 476 and 195 of the Code of Criminal Procedure before the District Magistrate, who functioned as the re-turning officer. He therein alleged that the declara-tion made by the appellant that he belonged to the Balmiki caste was false, that, in fact, he was born a Muslim and had been converted to Hinduism, and that therefore "in the interests of justice" and "for c;1feguarding the interests of the Scheduled Castes'', proceedings ~hould be taken for his prosecution. In his counter-affidavit the appellant stated :

"l am not a Muhammadan by birth. On the other hand, I was born in Balmiki Hindu familv. I am a Hindu".

The District Magistrate held an enquiry in which one Prith Singh Azad, President of the Depressed Classes, Delhi, gave evidence that the appellant was a Muslim of the 1~ame of Khaliq. Sadiq, that in 1938 he applied to the Suddhi Sabha to be converted to Hinduism. that he was so converted, and that thereafter he came to be known as Virindar Kumar. In cross-examination, he stated that the appellant had admitted before him that he was a Muslim by birth. He added that he had two Muslim wives living at the time of the con-version. The applicant, Jai Ram Sarup, also produced ten letters stated to be in the handwriting of the ap-pellant in proof of the above facts. On 17-9-1952 the Magistrate passed an order that there wa> a prima f acie case for taking action, and on 29-9-1952 he filed a complaint before the First Class Magistrate, Kamal, charging the appelbnt with offences under sections 181, 182 and 193 of the Indian Penal Code.

Against this order, the appellant preferred an appeal to the Court of the Sessions Judge, Kamal, who dis-missed the same on the ground th:it the returning officer was not a Court, that the proceedings before 1955 him did not fall under section 476, and that there-Shri Vfrindar fore no appeal lay under section 476-B. The appel-Kumar S(Jlyawadi lant took the matter in revision before the High

v. Court, Punjab, and that was heard by Harnam Singh, Thi State of

Punjab J., who held, differing from the Sessions Judge, that V1nkalarama the returning officer was a Court, and that his order ,(ryar ]. was therefore appcalable. He, however, held that on

the merits there was no case for interference, and accordingly dismissed the revJSJon. It is against this order that the present appeal by special leave is directed.

On behalf of the appella:it Mr. N. C. Chatterjee argues that having held that the order of the return-mg officer was appealable, the learned Judge ought to have remanded the case for hearing by the Sessions Judge on the merits, and that his own disposal of the matter was summary and perfunctory. The conten-tion of Mr. Gopal Singh for the respondent is that the view of the Sessions Judge th!lt the returning officer was not a court and that his order was not, therefore, appealable was correct, and that further the order of the High Court in revision declining to inter-fere on the merits was not liable to be questioned in special appeal in this Court.

The first question that arises for our decision is whether the order of the District Magistrate passed on 17-9-1952 as returning officer is open to appeal. The statutory provisions bearing on this point a1" sections 195, 476 and 476-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Section 195 ( 1) (a) provides that no court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under sections 172 to 188 of the Indian Penal Code except on the complaint in writing of the public officer con-cerned or of his superior. Section 195(1) (b) enacts that no Court shall take cognizance of the offences mentioned therein, where such offence is committed in, or in relation to, any proceeding in any Court. except on the complaint in writing of such Court or a Court to which it is subordinate. The offence under section 193 is one of those mentioned in section 195(1) (b). Sec-tion 476 prescribes the procedure to be followed where a Court is moved to lay . a complaint, and that applies only to offences mentioned in sections 195 ( 1) (b) and 1955 195(1) (c) and not to those mentioned in section 195(1) Shri Virint!ar (a). Section 476-B provides for an appeal from an order Kumm Sat;Jawadi passed under section 476 to the appropriate Court. v. Thi Stale of The result then is that if the complaint relates to off-Punjab ences mentioned in sections 195 ( 1) (b) and 195 ( 1) ( c), an V enkatarama appeal would be competent, but not if it relates to Ayyar ]. offences mentioned in section 195(1)(a). Now, the order of the Magistrate dated 17-9-1952 directs that the appellant should be prosecuted for offences under sections 181, 182 and 193. There is no dispute that the order in so far as it relates to offences under sec-tions 181 and 182 is not appealable, as they fall directly under section 195(1) (a). The controversy is only as regards the charge under section 193. Sec-tion 193 makes it an offence to give false evidence whether it be in a judicial proceeding or not, and it likewise makes it an offence to fabricate false evi-dence for use in a judicial proceeding or elsewhere.

If the offence is not committed in a judicial proceed-ing, then it will fall outside section 195 (1) (b) ,- which applies only when it is committed in or in relation to a proceeding in Court, and there is in consequence no bar to a complaint l:ieing made in respect thereof un-affected by the restrictions contained in section 195(1)(b ). But if the offence under section 193 is committed in or in relation to a proceeding in Court, then it will fall under section 195 ( 1 )(b), and the order directing prosecution under section 476 will be appeal-able under section 476-B. The point for decision therefore is whether the returning officer in deciding on the validity of a nomination paper under ~ection 36 of the Act can be held to act as a Court. The question thus raised does not appear to be covered by authority, and ln:; to be decided on the true character of the functions of the returning officer and the nature and the extent of his powers.

"There has been much difference of opinion as to the precise character of the office of a returning officer, viz., as to whether he is a judicial or ministe-rial officer", says Parker on Election Agent and Re-turning Officer, Fifth Edition, page 30. The true 1955 view, according to him, is that he partakes of both Shri Virindar characters, and that 'in determining objections to Kumar Satyawadi nomination papers, he is a judicial officer. That is

v.

The Slat1 of also the view taken in Indian decisions. But before

Punjab we can hold that the proceedings before a returning V1nkatarama office! resulting in the acceptance or rejection of a