Bhagwanbhai Dulabhai Jadhav v. State of Maharashtra

Shah J. the key found on search on the person of the 5th

accused), 43 sealed bottles of foreign liquor and a large number of packets of tobacco were found. A search list was prepared and the five occupants of the vehicle were arrested. The vehicle and the articles found therein were attached. The vehicle was handed over to the Central Excise Authorities togethp,r with the ignition key and the key of the luggage comp!irtment for taking proceedings in respect of packets of tobacco which were attached. A charge sheet was then filed in the Court of tho ,Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Thana against the five accused charging them with offences punishable under ss. 65 (a), 66 (b), 81 and 83 of the Act, The accused pleaded not guilty to the charge: they stated that the case was "false and entirely got up", that no "liquor or other oontreband" was found in the motor.car and "the whole plot was engineered by the enemies of the 1st accused". They denied that the motor-car was searched in their presence. The fifth accused denied that the key of the luggage compartment was found on his person. The trial Ma1?i1trate held that the brose-cution evidence was insufficient to establish that the persons accused before him were acting in conspiracy or were a.betting ea.ch other in trans-porting contraband articles in the car and acquit· ted them.

Against the order of aquittal, the State "of Bombay appealed to the High Court of Bombay. The High Court observed that the trial court trea-ted t~e c¥e as "a· IIJathematical problem"1 a.nq ,f examined th'3 evidence giving undue. importance to · 196Z

minor discrepanies. In the view of the High Court Bhr:zU11nblai the evidence established that in consequence· of in-Culci/rai •• J•"-h•t f'ormat.ion received from police-station Vapi, motor Slal1 •f car No. Bl\IY 1068 was stopped at 2-30 p.m. on Moh11roshtra August 28, 1957, near Kasheli Naka, that at that time the· 1st accused was driving the motor car Shah J. which belonged to him, that accused No. 2 was sitting near him and accused Nos. :1 to 5 were sitt-ing in the rear seats, that the key of the lu((gage compartment was found on the person of the 5th accused, that ou opening that compartment in the presence of the Panchas, 43 bottles of foreign liquor and. a large number of packets of tobacco were .found. and that the evidence warranted the.convic· tion of all the accused for offences punishable ·under ss. 65(a), 66(b), 81 and 83 of the Bombay Prohibi· tion Act. The High Court accordingly allowed the appeal against accused Nos. 1, 2 and 5 of all t.he offences and directed each of them to undergo rigo· rous imprisonment for one year and pay a fine of Rs. 500/- for each of the offences; and in defaµlt of payment of fine to rigorous imprisonmont for 3 months in respect of each offence, and directed that the s11bstantive sentences do run concurrently.

The appeal against accused Nos. 3 and 4 was dis· missed because they· could not be served with the notice of appeal.

The High Court was undoubtedly dealing with an appeal against an order ofa quittal but the Code of Criminal Procedure placed no special limitation upon the powers of the High Court in dealing with an appeal against an order of aquittal. The High Court is entrusted with power to review evidence and to arrive at its .>wn conclusion on the evidence.

·There are certainly restrictions inherent in the exercise . of the power, but those ·restrictions arise ·from the nature of the jurisdiction which the High Court exercises. In a Criminal trial the burdeq ·

390 SUPREME' COURT REPORTS [1963)

1912 always lies on the prosecution to establish the oa.se •·Bh4gw••bhai against the accused and the· accused is presumed Dti/abhai •• Jadbt1v to be innocent of the offence charged till the con·

·SflMo •I trary is established. The burden lies upon the M11ll1'-1Ttlr• prosecution, ·and the presumption of innocence

applies with equal, if not greater, force in an appeal SWJ. to the High Court against an order of acquittal.

In applying the presumption of innocence the High Court is undoubtedly slow to disturb findings based on apprioiation of oral evidence for the oourt which has the opportunity of seeing the witnesses is always in a better position to evaluate their evi· dence than the court which merely persued the record. In the present case, the High Court in our judgment, was right in holding that the trial court ignored the broad features of the prosecution case, and restricted itself to a consideration of minor discripa.noies. The Magistrate meticulously juxtaposed the evidence of different witnesses on disputed points and discarded the evidence in its entirety when discrepancies were found. That method was rightly criticised by the High Court as fallacious. The Magistrate had to consider whether there was any reliable evidence on ques-tion which had to be established by the prosecu-tion. Undoubtedly, in considering whether the evidence was rea.liable he would be justified in directing his attention to other evidence which contradicted or was inconsistent with the evidence relied upon by the prosecution. But to discard all evidence because there were disorepa.noies without any attempt at evaluation of the inherent quality of the evidence was unwarranted.

Sub-Inspector Deshpande spoke about the wireless message received at the Kasheli Na.ka, a.bout the arrival of the motor-oar of the fir1t accused ab 2-30 in the afternoon of August 28, 1957, a.bout the search of the oar in the presence of the Pa.'Qt\l!.ail aI!<l the diliooverr of 43 bottle of foreign liquor and packets of tobaooo in the luggage com· 1962 partment of the motor oar. Nothing was elicited in the cross-examination which threw any doubt Bbbgu.ianbhai DuM>hai J adltav upon the truth of the story, and no adequate .v. reason was suggested why he should be willing Stati of Mllharaalltra falsely to involve the accused, in the commission of a serious offence by fabricating false evidence. Shah J. He was corroborated by the contents of the "Panchnama", which was a written record contem-poraneously made about the search, and the evi· dence of the Panoh witness Pandu Kamliya.

Deshpande was also partially supported by bead-constable Chodabrey. The latter witness deposed that the motor-car driven by the 1st accused was stopped at Kaheli Naka and panchas were called, but according to him, search was made before the panchas arrived and the bottles were taken out of the luggage compartment and placed near the car. We agree with the view of High Court that the evidence of Head Constable Codabrey though some-what inconsistent with the evidence of Sub-Inspector Deshpande and the panch witness, accorded with their story that the liquor bottles were in the motor-car when it was stopped near the Kasheli Naka on the day in question. That evidence hy itself is sufficient to establish that the accused po~sessed the bottles of foreign ~,liquor.

It was urged, however, that under the law making of a search in the presence of independent witnesses of tpe locality called for that purpose was obligatory, and as according to the evidence of Head Constable Chodabrey and Panch witness Laxman1 Ganpat the search was held without com· plying with the formalities prescribed by s. 103 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the panchn&ma about the search of the motor-car, and the evidence -t of the finding of the articles therein must be dis-

carded and the rest of the evidence was not suffici- ~nt to dis:place the presumption Of i~nocence' whio~

1901 by the order of acquittal was reinforced. We are Bha1wanb1Mli unable to agree with this contention. Section 117 DulaPJhai Jalhav of the Act provides, "Save as otherwise expressly

v. = provided in this Act, all investigations, arrests, Stat6 of Mahara1!Jtra detentions in custody and searches shall be made

in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Shah J. Criminal procedure, 1898: provided that no search

shall be deemed to be illegal by reasoi;i only of the fact that witnesses for the search were not inhabi-tants of the locality in which the place searched is situated". In view of that provision it is oblig-atory upon a police officer about to make a search to call upon two or more respectable inhabitants of the locality in which the place to be searched is situate to attend and witness the senrch. But a motor-car is not a place within the meaning of ss. 102 and 103 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; nor is there anything in the Act by which a motor car would be so regarded for purposes of a search. The provisions relating to searches contained in s. 103 of the Code of Criminal procedure have therefore no application and in making a search of a motor vehicle, it was not obligatory upon the police officer to comply with the requirements thereof. This is not, however, to say that the practice which is generally followed by police officers when investigating offences under the Act to keep respectable persons present on the occasion of the search of a suspected person or of a vehicle may be discarded. Even though the statute does not make it obligatory, the poli~e officers wisely . oarry out the search, if it is possible for them to secure the presence of respectable witnesses, in their presence. This is a health'y practice which leads to cleaner investigation and is a guarantee agai-nst the oft-repeated charge against police officers of planting articles.

It was strenuously urged by counsel for the ap:pellants tl;lat the Hi~h Court djd not attach s~~- cient importance to a pieee of evidence which 19111 strongly militated aga,inst the truth of the prose-cution case. This piece of evidence, it was oonten-. Bhagwanbhai ded, related to the ignition key and the luggage Dulabh1i Jadliao Y. compartment key, produced at the trial. As we Slal• oJ have already observed, the motor-oar together with Mahat"aBlitra the ignition key and luggage compartment key Shoh J. which were attached were handed over to the Excise Authorities for investigating the case in respect of tobacco which was attached with liquor.

The motor-oar and the keys were producrd by the Excise Authorities at the instance of the accused before the Magistrate. An attempt was made to open the luggage compartment of the motor oar by usiug one of the keys and the trial Magistrate recorded his observations in that behalf. He has stated that the keys were produced by the Sub-Inspeotor of Oentral Excise and "with the white key the lock of the carrier was tried for thirty minutes. Oil was allowed to be put. Even then the lock was not opened. The yellow key was then tried on the petrol tank and was opened immediately." It appears, however, from the evidence of Insµector Jambekar that the "white key was the ignition key and the yellow was the key of the luggage compartment". It io true that Head-Constable Ohodabrey say, that the "white key" was the key of the luggage compartment and with that key the first accused had opened the lugage compartment. But we fail to appreciate why no attempt was made by the Trial Magistrate to ascertain whether the yellow key could be used for opening the luggage compartment and whether the white key fitted the ignition switch. In view of this infirmity it is difficult to hold that the story of the finding of the key and the attachment of liquor after opening the luggage compartment qf --1 the tp.otor oar WE!tS qqtrqe, .

-- i911 The case' tried by the Trial Magistrate was

simple. There is no dispute that the police offfoers Bhogwanblrai had attached 43 bottles of foreign liquor at the Dulobhai J adhav

v. kasheli Naka on the day in question. It was the Stlite oj case of the accused that these bottles of liquor MaharaS1'tra

were not in their possession and Sub-Inspector Shah J. Deshpand made a false panchnama showing that

these bottles were found in the luggage compart-ment of the motor car belonging to the first accused. The primary question which the trial Magistrate had to consider was about the credibi-lity of the prosecution evidence in the light of the defence set up by· the accused. The bottles of fore· ign liquor attached by the police exceeded Rs.2000/- in value: the trial Magistrate had to consider whe· ther it was reasonably possible that the police offi-cers could procure the bottles to falsely involve the accused,' or having attached them from some other person, allow that person to escape and plant them in the motor-car of the accused and then make a false panchnama. No. attempt appears to have been made to examine the evidence in the light of the defence set up or suggested .. It was urged that one Inspector Mane of police station Bhilad was an enemy of the Ist accused. But that does not explain the conduct of Sub-Inspector Deshpande. It would indeed be difficult for Deshpande to secure this large quantity of foreign liquor, and even if it could be secured no rational ground is suggesf;ed why Deshpande would keep it with him on the poss-ible chance of the first . accused arriving at the Kasheli Naka. The High Court has on a consider· ation of the evidenie of Sub-Inspecter Deshpande, the Panch witness Pandu Kamaliya and Head Constable Choaahrey come to the conclusion that the accused Nos. 1, 2 and 5 were guilty of posRess-ing liquor in contravention of the provisions of the Act, and in our view the High Court was right in ~o holding. ·

But the order of conviction passed by the 1961 High Court and the sentence imposed are not acc-Bliazwanhhai ording to law. Section 65 of the Act penalises a Dul•bh•i Jad!utr person who in contravention of the provisions of v. the Act, or of any rule, regulation or order made or State of M aharashfra of any licence, pass, permit or authorization there Sha'ltJ. under-(a) imports or exports any intoxicant (other than opium) or hemp, and the expression "import"

is defined in s. 2(20) as meaning •'to bring into the State otherwise than across a customs frontier."

There is no evidence on the record that the accused or any of them imported the bottles of foreign Jiq-uor into the State. The 'circumstance that the bot-tles contained foreign liquor and the accused were residents of the former Portuguese territory of Da-man or a locality near about, was not, in our judg-ment, sufficient to prove that the aecused had im-ported those bottles. The High Court was there fore, in our judgment, in error in convicting the accused of the offence under s. 65(a). Again, tl:.ere is no evidence, and the High Court has considered none, which establishes that two or more persons had agreed to comm~t or cap.s~d to commit any off-ence under the Act. Sect10n 83 of the Bombay Prohibition Act provides punishment for conspiracy to commit or cause to commit an offence under the Act. But an inference of conspiracy. . cannot be made froni.,the f~ots proved i~ thi,s case, viz. t~at the five accused were found ma motor car which contained in its luggage compartment a number of foreign liquor bottles and some of the accused were blood-relations. Conviction for the offence under s. 83 is therefore not warranted b'y the evidence.

Again, if accused Nos· I and 5 are proved to have committed the substantive offence· punishable under s. 66 (b) of the Act it is difficult to appreciate how they can also be convicted of .abetting the commis-sion of that offence. The offeµce under 1s. 81 of thEl Act is therefore also not made out. The appellanq,

1961 were accordingly liable to be convicted only of the offence under s. 66(b) of the Act, and the ms.ximum Bhagwan,bhai term of imprisonment for a first offence punishable Dulahbhai Jarthav under that section is rigorous imprisonment for six

v.

State •f months and a fine of Rs. I, 000/·. We accordingly JltSftara•hlra -- modify the order passed by the High Court and

Shalz J. maintain the conviction of accused Nos. I and 5 under s. 06 (b) and set a.side the order of conviction under ss. 65 (a), 81 and 83 of the Act and the sent-ence passed in respect of those offences. We also modify the sentence imposed by the High Court for the offence under s. 66 (b) of the Act, and direct that each appellant do suffer rigorous imprisonment for six months and pay a fine of Rs. 500/·, and in default of payment of fine do suffer rigorous impri-sonment for one month and fifteen days.

Subject to that modification the appeal is dismissed.

RAMF.SH

1961 . 1 .. 1," v •

THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

(B. i'. SINHA. C.J., c. K. N. WANOHOO and

J. SHAH, JJ.)

Criminal Law-Seduction-Aasisting pro•titvte in her pro/eaaion-IJ amoQts to induc•ment to forced or seduced Illicit int<rcourse-Inffian Penal Ooae (Act 45 of 1860), ••· /U, 809, 366, 366 A. , The appellant was convicted of the offence under s. 366A read withs. 109 of the Indian Penal Code. The case against him was that A who was a minor below the age of 18 years was brought up by P and had before the date of the offence been habituated to the life of a prostitute. On the day in question the appellant went to the residence of P and aaked him to bring A to a theatre, P accompanied A to the

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.56 '61.

Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated August 16, 1'960, of the Bombay High Court in Cr. A. No. 225 of 59.

B. B. Tawakley and A. G. Ratnaparkhi, for the appellants.

M. S. K. Sastri and P. D. Menon, for the res· pondent.

1962. July 24. The judgment of the Court was delivered by

SHAH, J.-With special leave, the two appellants Shqh J. Bha.gwanbhai Dulabai Jadav and Haribhai Magan-bhai Bhandare-hereinafter referred to as accused Nos. l and 5 respectively-have appealed against the order passed by the High Court of Judicature at B'>mbay setting aside the order of the Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Thana acquitting them and three others of offences punis'l:iable under ss. 65(a), 66 (b), 81 and 83 of the Bombay Prohibition Act, 25 of 1949-hereinsfter called the Act.

The case of the prosecution maibriefly be stated: On August 25, 1957, a. "wireless message"

alerting the officers pJsted on "watch duty" at Kasheli Naka, ·District Thana that a motor-car bearing No BMY 1058 •belonging to the first appeal-lant was carrying '~oontrii.band goods'','was received.

This moter car reached the Ko.sheli Naka at about • f I , • · . , .

2.30 p.m. on August 28. The first accused Wat then driving the oar. the second accused was sitting by Bhagwanbhai his side and accused 3 to 5 were sitting in the rear Dulabhai •• J ti.dhav se~ts. Panchas were called by the Sub-Inspector

Stole of of police Deshpande from a village nearby and in Maharashtra their presence the vehicle was searched and from

the luggage compartment (which was opened with