Raja Bahadur Motilal Bombay Mills Ltd. and Another. v. M/S. Govind Ram Brothers (P) Ltd., and Another

SARKARIA, ].-Whether the principle of apportionment is applicable to the fixation of standard rent of a premises under the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Cohtro[ Act, 1947 (for short, the Act); if so whether on the facts of the case, the principle has been rightly invoked-is the two fold question that falls for decision in these three appeals by special leave directed against the judgment of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay.

The material facts are as under :

A big compound, measuring II ,150 sq. yards, at'156 Tardeo Road, Bombay, belonged to Raja Bahadur Moti La[ Mills, Ltd., Bombay, appellant No. I. The Mills were shifted from these premises in the year 1930. In 1932, th~ whole of this estate including the structures standing on a part of it, was Jet out to Sound Studios Ltd. Between the years 1932 and 1940, some part of it was sub-let by Sound Studios to Sheraj Ali, who was the proprietor of M/s. Famous Cine Laboratory and another part to Neon Signs (India) Ltd., and the rest of the estate continued to be with Sound Studios. Thereafter, Sound Studios went out of the picture and the whole estate was let out to National Studios Ltd. on October 23, 1940 at a monthly rent of Rs. I 700/- for a period of two years.

In July 1941, National Studios surrendered their lease and Sheraj Ali became a direct tenant under appellant 1 in respect of the premises in his possession, called for the sake of identification, 983/1 (whole) and 983/2 (Ground floor). On December I, 1941 and again in November I 942, Sheraj Ali took on rent additional portions of this estate so that his original rent, which was Rs. 400/-, was first increased to Rs. 600/- and then to Rs. 700/- and thereafter in November 1942 to Rs. 875/-. By November 1947, Sheraj Ali was paying Rs. I 200/- per month as rent for the premises demised to him including some new structures which had been built.

Sheraj Ali had taken a loan from M/s. Govind Ram Bros. Ltd., Respondent I on the security of his Film Studio Equipments. He failed to repay the loan. Thereupon, Respondent I instituted a suit for recovery of the amount and obtained a decree from the High Court, on February 27,1948. As a result oft he High Court's decree, the right, title and interest of Sheraj Ali in the mortgaged property were assigned to Respondent I. Respondent I, in consequence, took a fresh lease on March 19,1948 from appellant No. I of the properties (called for identi-fication) 983/1 to 983/12, which were in the tenancy of Sheraj Ali, at a conttactural rent of Rs. 1228/- p.m. On the same date, Respondent 1 executed another lease in respect of three rooms in the sa1ne premises (marked for identification as) 984, in favour of appellant I, on a monthly rent of Rs. 750/-. Respondent I failed to pay the co.ntractual rent, regularly, which fell into arrears which were not cleared despite the pre-ssing demands made by the Receiver. On March 13, 1954 the Receiver wrote to Respondent I threatening to take legal proceedings for the re-covery of the rent. This Receiver, who is now appellant No. 2. had been appointed by the High Court in Suit No. 454 of 1949 instituted by appel-lant 1 against the Insurance Company.

On April 14, 1954, two applications were filed in the Court of Small Causes by Respondent I for fixation of standard rent in respect of the pren1ises coin prised in the said two leases; one application, R. A. N. 983/54, relates to properties 983/J to 983/12, and the other (R.A.N. 984) to premises 984. It was alleged in the applications that since on September, I, 1940, the entire estate, including the properties in question. had been let out on a monthly rent of Rs. 1700/-, standard rent of the premises tn question should be fixed on the basis of apportionm 'nt In particular, it was pleaded that fair rent of Rs. 983/1 to 983/12 should be I/8th of Rs. 1200/- which was later corrected as 1700/-. On the same basis it was alleged in the second application, that fair rent of premises 984 should be Rs. 75/- p. m.

The appellants resisted these applications and averred in R. A. N. 983/54, that several entirely new structures had been built and subs-tantial alterations made in most of these structures between the years 1940 and 1948, as a result whereof the property had lost its identity, and -consequently, fair rent could not be fixed 'on apportionment basis.

On June 11, 1958, Respondent 1 made an application for amendment -Of the Standard Rent Application <R.A. N. 983/54) for adding an alter-native ground based on the value of the land and cost of construction -so that in the event of the court holding on the preliminary issue in favour of the appellants, the standard rent could be fixed on the basis -Of the valuation of the land and the construction. This application was disallowed.

On July 30, 1958 Respondent 1 made an application for amendment -Of his R. A. N. 984of1954 on lines similar to that in R. A. N. 983154. It was also dismissed by an order, dated July 31, 1958. ·

At the stage of arguments on December 4, 1958, Respondent I moved another application for amendment and addition of the plea that they were the owners of the structures in premises 983/10, 983/11 And 983/12. The second amendment was not sought to be made in the other application R. A. N. 984/1954 relating to property 984. This prayer was also declined,

The trial court (Samson J.) by its judgment dated April 2, 1959, found that the premises in question on account of structural alterations had undergone such a change that they qmld no longer be identified with the property that existed in September 1940 and that the mode of determining rent by apportionment was not available to the tenants. In the result he dismissed the applications, adding "there is no sufficient material to ascertain the standard rent in any other way '.

Against those orders, Respondent 1 filed a revision petition unuer s. 129 (3)ofthe Act before the Revisional Court of Small Causes, Bombay. which accepted, the same set aside the order of the trial judge, allowed the amendment and remanded both the applications for fixation of fair rent to the trial court.

Against this remand order, dated August 8, 1960, of the Revisional Court, the appellants preferred two Civil Revisions to the High Court -0f Bombay.

Duringthependencyofthose Revisions, the trial court allowed the amendment and proceeded to decide the entire matter afresh. These facts were brought to the notice of the High Court, which, however, dismissed the revision petitions by a judgment dated February 3, 1961 holding that the first Revisional Court had, in fact, remanded the entire matter for trial de novo, after rightly allowing both the amendments.

After the remand, the trial court by its judgment, dated Aprii 25, 1961 held that except 983/10, 983111 and 983/12, which were new struc-tures, there was no change of identity in the rest of the properties i. e. 983/1 to 983/9; that new structures 983/10, 983/II and 983/12 be-longed to Respondent 1 who was consequently, liable to pay rent only for the land underneath; that the cost of repairs of the properties 983/8 and 983/9 after they had been destroyed by fire, was mainly borne by Respondent 1, the landlord's contribution being Rs. 8,500/- only. Applying the principle of apportionment, it fixed the standard rent of the properties 983/1 to 983/12 at Rs. 400/- p.m. subject to permitted increases after 1954.

Regarding the premises 984 (in R. A. N. 984/54), the trial court gave a return on the investment of Rs. 40,000/- made by the landlord inclusive of the cost of structure and the value of land underneath at Rs. 30/- per sq. yard (as that of 1940) and fixed the standard rent at Rs. 386/- p. m. subject to permitted increases after 1946.

Aggrieved by these orders of the trial court, appellants and Respon-dent 2 filed two revision applications under s. 129 (3) to the Revisional Court of Small Causes which by its judgment, dated September 30, 1964, substantially upheld the findings of the trial court, inter alia with the exceptions : (i) that the ownership of the new structures 983/10, 983/11 and 983/12 vested in Appellant I, who was entitled to get a fair return on that investment; (ii) that the value of the land "married" to the new structures 983/10, 983/11 and 983/12, and 984/54, should be taken at Rs. 50/-persq. yd., i.e. as ofl948 and not as of 1940as had been done by the trial court on remand. In the result, the standard rent in R.A.N. 983 was raised to Rs. 981/- and in R.A.N. 984 to Rs.411/-p.m.

To impugn the decision, dated September, 30, 1964, of the Revi-sional Court, the parties preferred six Special Civil Applications under Art. 226/227 of the Constitution to the High Court. By a common order, a learned single Judge of the High Court dismissed these applications except that he corrected some arithmetical errors and, in consequence, fixed the standard rent of properties 983/1 to 983/12 at Rs. 841.07 and that of premises 984/54 at Rs. 462/11 p. m.

- ·It is against this decision dated 12/13th October 1971 of the High Court that these apeals have been filed by special leave.

The first contention of Mr. Cooper, learned Counsel for the appel-lants is that there is no provision in the Act which requires standard rent to be fixed on apportionment basis; rather. the definition of "premises., ins. 5(3) (b) which speaks of "part of a building let separately," read with clause (i) ofs. 5(10) and clause (c) of s. 11(1) with due emphasis on the article 'the' immediately preceding the word 'premises' in the said clauses, indicates that the standard rent would be the rent for which the suit premises were first let separately on or after the basic date i.e. September I, 1940. lfon the basic date-proceeds the argument-the premises in question did not form the subject of a separate, single demise but had been let out together with other portions of larger premises, its standard rent could not be determined on the footing of the rent payable for those different portions. Reliance bas been placed on Dhanrajgirji Naraingirji v. W. G. Ward;(!) and Bata Shoe Co. Ltd. v. Narayan . Das Mullick and Ors.(2) Counsel had further tried to distinguish Capital and Provincial Property Trust Ltd. v. Rice(3) and JJhikaji Ramchandra Paranjpe v. Vishnu Ramchandra Paranjpe(4), referred to in the judgment of the High Court.

On the other hand, Mr. Lokur, learned Counsel for Respondent I maintains that the principle of apportionment has always been accepted by the Bombay High Court as an appropriate guide in fixing standard rent under the Act of premises which on the basic date had been let out as part of a larger entity. It is pointed out that in Narayan/al Bansi/al v. Venkatrao Anant Rai(S); a Bench of the High Court while considering the question of standard rent in respect of another portion of the very property of the appellant-Mills, had invoked this principle.

Before we deal with the contentions canvassed, it will be proper to make a brief survey of the relevant provisions ~f the Act:

The material part of the definition of "premises" in s.5(8) reads:

"Premises" means:- (a) any land not being used for agricultural purposes; (b) any building or part of a building let separately .... " (emphasis supplied) Sub-section(IO)ofthesameSectiondefines "standard rent", in rela-tion to any premises, to mean-

( a) where the standard rent fixed by the court and the Controller

respectively under the Bombay Rent Restrictions Act, 1939 or the Bombay Rents, Hotel Rates and Lodging House Rates (Control) Act, 1944, such standard r.;,nt; or (b) where the standard rent is not so fixedfsubject to the pro-

visions of section 11, (i) the rent at which the premises were let on the first day of

September 1940, or (ii) where they were not let on the first day of September 1940,

the rent at which they were last let before that day, or (iii) where they were first let after the first day of September

1940, the rent at which they were first let, or (iv) in any of the cases specified in section 11, the rent fixed

by the Court;

(1) (19251 27, Born. L.R. 877. (2) A.I.R. 1953 Cal. 234.

(3) (1952] Appeal Cases 142. (4) 56 Born. L.R. 402.

(5) 67 Born. L. R. 352.

Section 11 empowers the Rent Court to fix the standard rent at such amount, as having regard to the provisions of this Act and the circum-stances of the case, the court deems just-

(a) where any premises are first let after the first day of

September 1940, and the rent at which they are so Jet is in the opinion of the Court excessive; or (b) where the Court is satisfied that there is no sufficient evidence

to ascertain the rent at which the premises were let in anyone of the cases mentioned in sub-clause(i)to (iii) of clause (4) of sub-section (10) of section 5; or (c) Where by reason of the premises having been let at one time as

a whole orin part and another time in parts or a whole, or for any other reasons, any difficulty arises in giving effect to this part; or (d) Where any premises have been or are let rent free or at a

nominal rent or for some consideration in addition to rent; or (e) Where there is any dispute between the land-lord and the ten-

ant regarding the amount of standard rent."

Clause (c) read with the openinig part of s. ll(l) is crucial for our purpose.

One of the primary objects of the Act is to curb exaction of extor-tionate rents and to stabilise the same at pre-War level. In achieving that object, however, it avoids a Procrustean or mechanical approach. While pegging the basic line to September 1, 1940, it significantly sub-ordinates "standard rent" by its very definition ins. 5 (10) (b) to the benignant jurisdiction of the'Court under s.11. And the key words of the latter provision, into which the conscience of this anti-rack-renting statute is compressed, are ''the circumstances of the case, the Court deems just". These words inhibit a rigid and ossified determination of "standard rent". They leave sufficient "play at the joints", investing the court with a wide discretion in the matter.

According to the scheme of the Act, while "rent" recoverable by the landlord, may owing to permitted increases, fluctuate, the 'standard rent' always remains fixed or stationary.

If on the basic date, the suit premises were not let out separately but were a part of the subject-matter ofa larger demise-as in the instant case-difficulty arises in giving effect to the statute. Clause (c) of s. 11(1) then comes into operation. To resolve the difficulty this clause and the related provisions are not to be construed in a narrow technical sense which would stultify or defeat their object. It is to be interpreted liberally in a manner which would 'advance the remedy', 'suppress the mischief' and foil 'subtle inventions and evasions' of the Act. Construed in accordance with this socially relevant rule in Heyden's case the meaning of'the premises' having been let at one time as a whole, spoken of in this clause, can legitimately be deemed to cover the larger premises which, on the basic date, had been let as a whole and of which the suit premises was a part let out subsequently. In any event, the amplitude of the phrase "or any other reason" in the latter part of the clause, is wide enough to embrace cases of this kind and confers a plenary curative power on the Court.

True, that unlike the English Rent Control Act of 1920 or the later English Acts, the (Bombay) Act doos not expressly speak of appor-tionment. But the language of its relevant provisions construed consistently with the scheme and inbuilt policy of the Act, is elastic enough to permit the fixation of standard rent on apportionment basis. As noticed already,s.11 (!)gives a discretion to the Court to fix such amount as standard rent as it udeems just"· However, in exercising this discretion the Court has to pay due regard to (i) the provisions of the Act and (ii) the circumstances of the case.

Apportionment or equal distribution of the burden of rent on every portion-is a rule of justice and good sense. If the standard rent of a whole was a specific amount, it stands to reason that the standard rent of a part or sub-division of that whole should not ordinarily exceed that amount. Therefore, if in the circumstances of a given case the Court feels that for securing the ends of justice and giving effect to the provisions and policy of the Act, it is reasonably necessary and feasible to work out the standard rent by apportionment, it can legitimately do so. This principle, however, is applicable where on the basic date, that portion of which the standard rentis to be determined, had not been let separately as on unit, but tho whole, of which it is a part, had been let on that date. Apportionment postulates that on account of its having been let on the basic date, the whole had acquired a stan-dard rent which has to be allocated to smaller units subsequently carved out ofit.

It is thus clear that the principle of apportionment is not alien to the spirit of the Act, and has indeed been often invoked by the courts in fix-ing standard rent under this Act. In Narayan/al Bansilal's case (supra), a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court determined standard rent of another part of this very estate of the Mills in accordance with that principle.

However, while conceding that apportionment is not foreign to the scheme, purpose and policy of the Act, we will like to emphasise the need for caution and circumspection in invoking it. It is not to be rigidly and indiscriminately applied as a cast-iron rule of law regardless of time and circumstances or the equities of the case. A doctrinnaire approach, not consistent with a just and fair determination, stultifies the whole salutary purpose of justice to both, the landlord and the tenant. If necessary, it can be adjusted, adapted and attuned in the light ofthe par-ticular circumstances of the case, to satisfy the statutory requirement of fixing the standard rent as at a "just amount. Thus if after the material date, the landlord has made investments and improvements in the pre-mises, it will be just and reasonable to take that factor also into account and to givehimafair returnonsuchinvestments. Further, in appor-tioning the rent, the Court must consider other relevant circumstances, such as "size, accessibility, aspect, and other physical advantages" enjoyed by the tenant of the premises of which the standard rent is in question, as compared with those of the rent of the property in which it is comprised (see Bainbridge v. Contdon(l)J. Where after the ba:io date, the premises completely change their identity, apportionment as a method of determining just standard rent, loses its efficacy and may be abandoned altogether. We have only illustrated, not exhaustively enumerated the relevant circumstances and their implications.

At this stage, we may notice the decisions in Danrajgirji v. W.C. Ward(supra)and Bala Shoe and Co. v. Narayan Dass(supra)relied upon by Mr. Cooper.

In the first, a learned single Judge of the Bombay High Court was considering ss. 2(l)(a) and 13(l)(a) of the Bombay Rent (War Res-triction Act II of 1918), which were, to an extent, similar to sections 5(8)(b) and (IO) and ll(l)(c) o(the 1947-Act. There, the Port Trust had in March 24, 1915, leased the building known as Watson's Annexe to one Dr. Billimoria at a rental of Rs. 2,850, besides ground rent a.nd taxes. Dr. Billimoria sublet the premises in different flats to different tenants. The premises in the occupation of the defendant were sublet to.him at a rental of Rs. 75/- in September, 1915, i.e. before September 1, 1916 which was the basic date under the 1918-Act. The tenancy of Dr. Billimoria was terminated by a consent decree on July 31, 1923 and thereafter, the defendant held directly under the plaintiff. The ques-tion arose as to whether. standard rental of the flat should be calculated on the basis of the actual rent of Rs. 75/-, on the basis of the subletting· or whether it should be determined by apporiionment of the rent which Dr. Billimoria was paying to the Port Trust on the basis of the first letting. Pratt J answered this question thus:

"The Rent Act itself in the definition of the premises refers to a part of the building separately let as premises of which the standa~d rent has to be determined and such standard rent must bedetennined with reference to those premises in the manner spe-cified bys 2(1 )(a) of the Act. The standrard rent, therefore, must be ascertained on the admitted basic rent of Rs. 75/-...... Again, if the head-lease instead of being as here the lease of one building consisting of flats bad been a lease of a large number of buildings constituting a large estate, it would be almost impossible to make a ·correct apportionment of the rent. I do not think it was the intention of the Rent Act that landlords and tenants should bo driven to do a difficult and expensive process of valuation and calculation before their rent could be ascertained."

{I) (1925] 2 K. B. 261.

9-M4.SSup.CJ/75

We see force in the argument as also textual and pragmatic support. But these considerations do not preclude the Court from import;ng the flexible factors of fairness suggested by the circumstances of the case. Indeed, s. II, as explained earlier, obliges the Court to do it. More-over, the interpretation of"premises" adopted by the learned Judge was a little too literal, narrow and divorced from the purpose and content of the provisions relating to fixation of standard rent. Nor was it in aecord with the scheme and object of the 191E-Act. The court'sjuris· diction to consider, as a strong circumstance, proper apporti)oment of rent is not taken away, in our view.

It may be noted that just like the opening clause of s. 5 of the 1947-Act, which defines •;,remises" "standard rent" etc., the corresponding s. 2(1) of the 1918·Act, also, started with the qualifying words : "Jn this Act, unless. there is anything fepugnant in the subject or context". While applying these definitions to particular cases and provisions of the Acts, these words should not be lost sight of. The argument in favour of adopting the restricted interpretation, ignores this rider to the definitions, provided by the Legislature in the'e statutes.

We do not intend to over.burden this judgment with a discussion the decision in Bara Shoe & Co's case (supra). Suffice it to say that that is a decision under the West Bengal Premises Rent Control Act {I 7 of 1950) which stands on its own facts. It cannot be accepted as laying down a rule of universa1 application. It is vulnerable, more or less on the same grounds, on which the decision in Dhanrajgirji's case can be assailed.

We reject the narrow interpretation of the relevant provisions ofss. 2 and II, c1nvas'iCd for by the appellants, for two reasons: Firstly, it will leave the door wide open for evasion of this statute by-what Abbot C. J. in Fox v. Bishop of Chester(I)-called "shift or contrivance"-All that a greedy landlord, need do to squeeze out more rent would be to divide his premises into several parts and Jet them out separately on exorbitant rents. Such an evasion mav amount to a fraud upon the statute. Secondly, such a construction so manifestly subversive of one of the primary objects of the Ac! would be wholly beyond the intend;nem of the Legislature.

For reasons aforesaid we would n!gat.ive the first contention of Mr. Cooper, as an inflexible proposition and answer the first part of the question posed in the affimative to the extent indicated. It takes us to the second part of that ques•ion namely whether the principle of apportionment was correctly applied to the factc of the case?

Mr. Cooj>Cr contends that the first trial court (Samson J.) had right· ly found,that the premises in question on account of extensive altera-tions and constructions undergone a complete change after the basic date, and therefore standard rent could not be determined by appor-oining the rent of the whole among the parts. It is maintained that (I) (824) 2 B &; C 635 at 655.

this finding of Sam•on J. was wrongly set aside by t~ High Court and must be deemed to be still holding the field. Objection is also taken to the amendments allowed by the trial c()urt on remand. In the alternative, it is argued that even the courts below found that properties 983/10, 983/11, 983/12 and 984/54 were admittedly new structures and exten-sive repairs and replacements had been made in the remaining suit premises which had been destroyed or severely damaged by fire in 1948-49. On account of these substantial alterations and reconstruc- , tions the premises in question had lost their identity and consequently, the principle of apportioment was not applicable.

The first part of the contention basod on the judgment of Samson J. is groundless. The judgment of the fust'trial court was set aside in toto by the Revisional Court, and further by the High Court and the case .was remanded for de novo trial to the trial court which thereafter, decided the case afresh atler allowing the applicant to amend his R.A. N.S. It is too late in the day any way to argue on the assumption that the findings still survive.

The question whether a certain property has changed its identity after the basic date is largely one o.f fact. The courts bek•w have found that excepting properties 983/10, 983/11,983/12 and 984/54 which were admittedly new structures contructed near about 1948, the rest of the properties, namely 983/1 to 983/9 had not lost their identity. The courts therefore, worked out the economic rent of these new structures by cepitalising their value and gave the landlord a fair return on his jnvestments and fixed their standard rent mainly on that ba•is. It ·was with regard to the unchanged old properties 983/1 to 983/9 that the High Court and the Revisional Court mainly adopted the method of apportionment. Even so, it allowed the landlord fair return over Rs. 14,448/· being the cost of flooring, ceiling and other fixtures fi<ed t0 property 983/6. Now it is not disputed that on the basic date (Sep· tember I, 1940), these properties in question were parts of a larger entity .comprised in a single lease or tenancy in favour of Sound Studios at a monthly rent of Rs. 1700/·, The courts below have therefore taken in-to account this basic circumstance along with the other relevant facts of the case. We do not find anything so wrong or unfair or untenable in the method adopted by them which would warrant an interference by this Court in the exercise of its special jurisdiction under Art. 136 of the Constitution, Not that apportionment must be applied in all cases a' a rule oflaw but that, if applied along with other considerations dictated by a sense of justice and fairplay, cannot be condemned by this Court as illegal. We therefore, overrule this contention, also.

Lastly, it is contended that the courts below have seriously erred in evaluating the land under the suit properties at Rs. 30/- per sq. yd. on the basis of an instance (Ex. R 6) of the year 1942, while they should have taken into account the value of the land as in the year 1948. It is added that some photo-stat copies of sale-deeds pertaining to the rele-vant year were produced by Mr. Deweja, architect examined by the Landlord, and the Revisional Court wrongly rejected them as unproved. !It is maintained that in 1948, the market value of the site underneath the structures was Rs. 120/- per sq. yd. In support of his contention that the value of the land at the date of the letting is the appropriate value to be tak· l into account, Counsel has cited Bukmanibai Khunji Cool'erji v. Shfrnarayan Ram Ashre. (1).

We are unable to accept this contention also. The courts below in capitalising the structures, 983/10 to 983/12 and 984/54 did take into account the value of the land married to those properties at the rate of Rs. 50/- per sq. yd; which, according to. their estimate, after adding Rs . . 30/-per sq. yd for escalation, would be t~ market value of that land in the year 1948. Since the rent of the o unchanged properties 983/1 to 983/9 was fixed mainly on apportio ent basis, the courts did not think it necessary to take the value of tl\eir sites separately into com-putation in fixing the standrard rent. Moreover, there was no evidence on the record to show that the value of the land in question, in the year 1948 was Rs. 120/-per sq. yd. We, therefore,donotthinkit necessary to examine Cooverji's case cited l)y the Counsel. We h~wever, do not rule out the propriety of paying regard to eecalation• in land value as put forward by Mr. Cooper, but do hold that this Court will be loath to re-investigate factual ;conclusions not shov.'n to be perverse or mani-festly unjust. Such is not the case here.

!For:au the foregoing reasons, we would answrr the question posed for decision, in the affirmative and dismiss these appeals with one set or costs.

(!) (1966) 67 Born. L.R. 692 ..

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1186-1188 of 1972.

Appeals by special leave frnm the Judgment and Order dated 12/ 13/15th October, 197! of the Bombay High Court in Special Civil Application Nos. 555, 556 of 1967 and 72 of 1968.

K. S. Cooper, M. K. .Shah, P. H. Parekh and Sunanda Bhandare, for the appellants.

B. N. Lokur, Rameshwar Nath, for respondent No. 1.

Subodh Markendeya, for Respondent No. 2.