State of Gujarat & Anr. v. Vaghela Dayabhai Chaturbhai & Ors.

VENKATARAMIAH, J.-These five appeals by certificate are pre-ferred by the State of Gujarat against the conunon judgment dated April 25/28, 1969 delivered in five petitions under Article 226 of the Constitution on the file of the High Court of Gujarat in which the constitutional validity of the Resolution of the Government of Gujarat bearing No. L,B.B. 3964/101585-C dated December 28, 1966 issuing directions regarding the procedure to be followed in the disposal of 'bhatha lands' with effect from January L 1967 inter alia providing for showing preference to Harijans, adivasis, backward class persons and co-operative farming societies c0nsisting of landless labourers or small holders in the matter of cultivation rights over bhatha land was challenged. The expression 'bhatha land' means land which forms part of the bed of a river on which vegetables, melon, cucumber etc. can be grown during the lean period after the rainy season is over when the level of the water in the river is quite low. The cultivation of this land is possible only till the next rainy season and when the u· river swells during the rainy season, the said land again gets sub-1 merged under the river water. The occupancy rights over such land cannot ordinarily be granted on a permanent basis as in the case of other cultivable lands in view of the land getting submerged under river water every year for 4-5 months. The lands in question are situated in the Bombay area of the State of Gujarat. Till the year 1951, the cultivation rights over bhatha lands in the area in question were being disposed of by public auction and the successful bidders were being treated as lessees of the lands for short periods. In the year 1951, the State Govel"!lfilent ordered that the leasehold rights over bhatha lands should be disposed of by selection in the following oFder of priority:-

¶1Bona fide agriculturists who had cultivated the land per-

sonally for five years or more.

¶2Adjacent land holders who, in the Collector's opinion, had

insufficient land for maintenance of their families.

¶3Co-operative farming societies and 4. Priority holders under the Waste Land Rules.

The above order was cancelled and superseded by the Govern-ment Resolution dated September 19, 1962 which provided that on the expiry of the then existing leases, not held by co-operative farm-ing societies, bhatha lands should be disposed of on the basis of five years' lease by public auction. Experience showed that only the moneyed people were abl.e to purchase the lease-hold rights at the public auction and p_ersons belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weajcer sections of society were not even able to participate in such auctions. In the year 1964 however, lease-hold rights over bhatha lands were disposed of on eksal basis by public auctiO!l. The question relating to the procedure to be followed in the disposal of the lease-hold rights over bhatha lands was discussed at the meeting of the Collectors held in 1965-66 and after taking into consideration all relevant matters and the suggestions made at the above said meeting, the State Government passed the following Resolution in supersession of all existing orders:- "Government of Gujarat Revenue Department No. L.B.B. 3964/101585-C Sachivalaya, Ahmedabad-15 Date: 28-.12-1966

RESOLUTION OF GOVERNMENT

In cancellation of all existing orders in regard to disposal of Bet and Bhatha land by auction, Government is pleased to direct that existing procedure of disposal of Bhatha land by auction should discontinued from 1st January, 1967 and such land should be dis· posed of according to instructions detailed below:-

¶1The existing lease held by co-operative society should be renewed on their expiry only to the members of co-operative society. Individually held land less than 16 acres excluding the bet-bhathi! land and the total holding of the number including the land to be granted is not more than the member or members 16 acres.

¶2If condition ( 1) is fulfilled the lease in favour of the co-operative societies should be renewed for a further period of 10 years on payment of revised rent which should be fixed on the basis of the factor~ enumerated hereinafter instruction number ( 6) below.

¶3As regards Bhatha lands which have been leased in favour of individuals such lease should not be renewed but on the expiry of such lease the lands should be disposed of to priority holders as enumerated in instruction No: 5 on payment of rent to be determined on the basis of factors "-numerated in instruction No. 6. There will be no objec-tion to renew the lease in favour of such individual if he is otherwise eligible as per principles fixed in this G .R.

¶4As regards new Bet Bhatha lands which are to be dis-posed of for the first time they should also be granted to p_riority holders as mentioned in instruction No. 5, on the basis of rent charged for similar lands which have been disposed of as per instructions contained in the G .R. or which have been disposed of in the past by auction. · I'

¶5The priority fQI disposal of Bet Bhatha land should be as under:-

¶1Bona fide agriculturists of the village who are holding lartd less than 5 acres. Preference in this case will be given to Harijan adivasi and backward class people.

¶2Holders of the land adjoining the Bet Bhatha land holding land Jess than 16 acres and who in the opinion of Collector have a genuine need of additional lands for main-tenance of their families. Inter se preference in this case also will be as per (1) above.

¶3Co-operative farming societies of Harijans, adivasi and backward class persons.

¶4Co-operative farming societies consisting of landless labourers or small holders.

¶5Any of the priority holders under the waste land rules. The individuals as well as co-operatives of the village in which the Bet Bhatha lands are ~ituated wiJl have 'B their first priority while the individuals and co-operative

societies of neighbouring villages within a radius of ~ miles shall be given priority i!). the order of nearness from village where the Bet Bhatha Lands are situated. If there are claims of two equal priority holders for the same land the disposal wiJl be by lots."

Thereafter twenty-two members belonging to Waghari Harijan community were granted lease-hold rights in respect of a J,hatha land for a period of ten years pursuant to the above Government Resolu-tion by the Collector of Ahmedabad on July 18, 1967. The relevant part of the aforesaid order of the Collector dated July 18, 1967 rea~ as follows:-....

"

No. C.B.A.R.E.V. 165 District Collector's Office Ahmedabad 18-7-67

ORDER

It is hereby ordered that under mentioned twenty-two members of Waghari Harijan Ganotia Samuha Kheti Mandali (unlimited) Santhal, .have been granted lands for cultivation, out of the Govern-men! BHATHA-LANDS, for the period of ten years each member not to have more than four acres of land, on the conditions hereinafter mentioned.

Names of members of the Waghari Harijan Ganotia Samuha Kheti Mandali (unlimited)

TERMS

¶1These lands are granted on the condition that Waghari

Harijan Ganotia Samuha Kbeti Mandali (unlimited) must get itself registered within one year.

¶2Either the individual or a co-operative society shall not be

granted BET-BHATHA LANDS at more than one place.

¶3Within the period of fifteen days from the date of the

harvest of the crop from BET BHA THA lands shall be paid np. Rules regarding snspension or remission of land revenne shall not be applica_ble to the realization of this rent. 4. The land shall be cultivated per~onally by the grantee, un-

less under exceptional circninStances. The decision of the Collector regarding the ~xistence of such exceptional cir-cumstances shall be final on this condition. Lease shall be terminated, withont granting any compensation.

¶5Rent shall be fixed ~d payable according to sections 6 and

7 of Government Resolution Revenue Department No. L.B.B. 3964-101585-G dated 28-12-1966.

¶6All conditions mentioned in PATTA shall be complied

with.

¶7The Collector shall be authorised to revoke the lease deed

before the expiration of the period of the lease.

¶8Unless lease deeds are execut~d, the occupation of the land

shall be treated as unauthorised one.

Besides conditions mentioned above, all conditions mentioned in Government Resolution Revenue Department No. L.B.B. 3964-101585-G dated 28-12-1966 shall be applicable to this grant.

This grant shall be valid for the period of ten years from the year 1967-68. This grant expires on 31-5-1977.

Lease deed to be executed and k.ept in record.

Sd/- Niranjan Singh, Collector, Ahmedabad." Aggrieved by the above grant, the petitioners in Special Civil Application No. 1079. of 1967 which was one of the writ petitions out of which these appeals arise questioned the validity of the Govern-ment Resolution dated December 28, 1966 and the order of the Collector granting the.lease dated July 18, 1967 in favour of the said tweaty-two persons. lI1 the oti\er four petitions also, the said Resolu-tion and certain grants made by the Collector were questioned. The petitioners in all the petitions alleged that some of them were in po~session of portions of the lands which had been disposed of by the order of the Collector by virtue of the eksal tenures created in their favour under auctions held in or about the year 1964 and they could not be dispossessed without following the procedure prescribed by section 79-A read with section 202 of the Bombay Land Revenue Code, 1879 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Code'). One of them alleged that he was a permanent tenant of a portion of the land. They contended that the Govsirnment Resolution dated December 28, 1966 and the grants made by the Collector on the basis of the said Resolu-tion were liable to be struck down on the ground that they were viola-tive of Article 14 of the Constitution. Their main grievance was that they had been arbitrarily deprived of an opportunity to offer bids at public auctions and to acquire lease-hold rights. They prayed for the issue of a writ in the nature of mandamus directing the Stat~ Gov-ernment and the Revenue authorities not to disposs~s them on the b_asis of the impugned Resolution of the Goverrup.ent and the orders of the Collector. The State Gove=ent and the other respondents in the writ petitions resisted the petitions. After hearing the parties, the High Court quashed the Government Resolution and the grants made by the Collector holding that they were ultra vires the scheme of the Code and were also violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. The State Government was directed not to take into consideration the Government circular issued pursuant to the impugned Resolution while con~idering the question of renewal of leases or disposal of bhatha lands in question and-not to dispossess the writ petitioners except in due course of law. The Siate Government has questioned the order made by the High Court in these appeals.

Before going into the question relating to the validity of the im-pugned Resolution and the grants made by the Collector, it is neces-sary to deal with the question whether any of the writ petitioners were in possession of the lands in question. The allegation made by them in this regard was denied by the State Government. In the course of the counter affidavits filed before the High Court, it was pleaded on behalf of the State Government that none of the writ petitioners was in possession of any portion of the lands in question on the date of the petition that some of them who continued to remain in possession of cerw,in portions of the land after the expiry of the eksal leases were dispossessed in accordance with law and that the land had been handed over to the grantees as per kabza receipts. Dealing with the question of possession, the High Court observed in the course of its order as follows:-

"The petitioners claim in these petitions that they were cultivating these lands as tenants, except the petitioner in ll Sp. C.A. No. 1079/11967 who claims to be a permanent

tenant. The case of the petitioners was that at the relevant time they had been given Eksali (of one year) leases on the

expiry of which their right of renewal was completely taken away by the aforesaid circular. The circular ·had completely fettered the discretion of the competent authori-ties under the Bombay Land Revenue Code, 1879, herein-after referred to as 'the Code' and had created an absolute rule excluding the petitioners so much so that they could not even now give a bid at any public auction for these lands. ·Even though in Sp. C.A. No. 1079/67 the case of the petitioner was of a lease in perpetuity the State had contro-verted this allegation and no such grant was produced. · The case of the State was that the pe_titioner was in illegal possession after the Eksali lease in 1964. Therefore, even that case also stands on the same footing. In view of the said disputed questions of facts which cannot be resolved by us, the petitioner, therefore, challenged the impugned cir-cular on the grounds ( 1) that it is ultra vires the Code, especially as it creates an absolute rule excluding Jhe peti-tioners who would have been entitled under the provisions of the Land Revenue Code to get these le.ases by bidding at the public auction as per the relevant rules. The impugned order in this connection violates the policy of th~ Code which is to augment the Government revenue and which does not contain any policy of excluding any person from the disposal of these unalienated GovernJl!ent lan_ds, (2) the petitioners, further challenge the impugned order on the ground that it is discriminatory and violates Article 14 and the inequality is writ large on the face of the entire order especially the so called reservations in favour of Harijans, adivasis and backward class people are so excessive t~t all the 1 GO per cent lands would get reserved for them under this policy of priority and the petitioners would be completely exclnded."

There is no reference to the question of possession of the land by the respondents in any other part of the judgment of the High Court. From the portion of \he judgment extracted above, it is seen that the High Court did not record any firm finding on the question of posses· sion of any part of the land by any of the . writ petitioners. It, therefore, follows that the direction issued by the High Court to the State Government and the. Revenue authorities not to dispossess the writ petitioners except in due course of law beromes unsustainable. What remains to be considered in these appeals is whether the im-pugned Resolution and the orders of the Collector are valid or not.

There. is no dispute that the writ petitioners were not eligible under the impugned Resolntion for any grant being made in preference to, the grantees in these cases and if the impugned Resolution is valid, the grants made by the Collector becOl]).e unassailable. It is on account of the above position the writ petitioner challenged the valid-ity of the Resolution passed by the Government on December 28, 1966. The High court quashed the said Resolutiou on two grounds: (1) that the act of the State Government in passing the Resolution amounted to a fraud on the statute as the power of the State under the Code which was a taxation measure had bee.Jl utilized for a colla-teral purpose of achieving a welfare scheme and (2) that the Resolu-tion was violative of Article 14 of the Constitution as there was no rational nexus between the object to be achieved by the Code viz. realization of land revenue and the classificatiop. of persons eligible for the grant of lease-hold rights in respect of bhatha lands into several group§.. On the first groun~, the H;igh Court observed as follows:-

"The Code in terms directs the statutory authority, the Collector to make disposal exercising his judicial discretion, of course, subject to the statutory rules or even subject to the orders of the Government which ha'!'.:e statutory force. The whole purpose and object of the Land Revenue Code is never to exclude any citizen, and such exclusion by way of an absolute rules leaving no discretion even to the statutory authority would be completely beyond the scope of a regulatory measure. This would be pJescribing the end and not prescribing means to an end. The end has been laid down by the Legislature in this case and it is one of augmenting the land revenue, and for the purpose of revenue administration under this Code, if any dispos_!!l is made, the disposal would be ordinarily to augment land revenue. It may be that in exceptional cases, the authority may give remissio'n as in famine years or on other grounds which are specified under the scheme of the Code or the Rules. The end which is envisaged to be achieved by the Code is one of getting revenue augmented which is the obvious end of any taxation measure. The end which the impugned regu-lation seeks to achieve is totally a different end."

From a reading of the above observations of the High Court, it becomes obvious that the High Court felt that the Resolution which had been passed with a view to showing preference to memberi belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and backward classes, landless persons who belonged to the weaker sections of

GUJARAT v. v. D. CH,ATURBHAI (Venkataramiah, !.) 1193 society and members of co-operative fanning societies did not sub-serve the object of the Code i.e. realization of maximum revenue. The High Court also felt that there was no scope for the passing of any order or resolution in the nature of a welfare measure while admi\llsteiing the provisions of the code. In order to examine the correctness of the above view of the High Court, it is necessary to refer to some of the relevant provisions of the Code. The Preamble of the Code provides that it had been passed as it was found expedient to consolidate and amend the law relating to Revenue officers and to the assessment and recovery of Land Revenue and to other matters connected with the Land Revenue Administration. Chapters II and Ill o: the Code deal with constitution powers of!icers provision relating to the security to be furnished by certain Revenue officers and the lia!>ility of principals and · sureties. Chapter V of the Code is entitled 'Of Lands and Land Revenue' and contains sections 37 to 59. Section 3 7 of the Code declares that 'all public roads, loans and paths, the bridges, ditches, dikes, and fences, on, or beside, the same, the bed of the sea and of harbours and creeks below high water-mark, and of rivers, streams, nallas, lakes, and tanks, and 8ll canals, and water-courses, and all standing and flowing water, and all lands wherever situated, which are not the property of individuals, or of aggregates of persons legally capable of holding property, and except in so far as any right of such persons may be established, in or over the same, and except as may be otherwi~e provided in any law for the time being in force are and are hereby declared to be, with all rights, in or over the same, or appertaining thereto, the property of the Government and it shall b.e lawful for the Collector subject to the order of the State Government, to dispose of them in such manner as he may deem fit, or as may be authorised by general rules sanctioned by the Government concerned, subject always to the rights of way, and all other rights of the public or of individual legally subsisting.' The aforesaid section 37 of the Code vests the rights in all properties referred to therein the State Government and provides that it is !awful for the Collector subject to the orders of the State Government to dispose of them in such manner as he may deem fit or as may be authorised by the general rules sanctioned by the Government. The State Government is thus .constituted the proprietor of the several items referred to therein. While the Collector has been given the power of disposal of the land belonging to the Government, he can do so only in accordance with the other provisions of the Code and the Rules made thereunder and subject to any order or resolution passed by the State Government. The power of the State Govern-ment to make r•ders under section 37 (I) of the Code is not in tbe pature of appellate or revisional powers which are dealt with separately under sections 203 and 211 of the Code but is iu the nature of an admiuistrative power enabliug the State Govergment to regulate the power of the Collector. Section 38 of the Code authorises the survey officers whilst survey operations are proctl_eding under Chapter VIII of the Code and at any other time the Collector to set apart lands which belonged to the State Government and not iu the lawful occu-pation of any person or aggregate of persons, in unalienated villages or unalienated portions of villages, for free pasturage for the village c,i_ttle, for forest reserves, or for any other pu{Jlic or municipal pur-pose; and lands assigned specially for any such purpose shall not be otherwise used without the sanction of the Collec-tor. Section. 39 of the Code restricts the right of grazzing on free pasturage-lands to the cattle of the village or villages to which such lands belong or have been assigned. Section 44 of the Code recog-nizes the existence of certain privileges of villagers or of certaiu classes of persol1s to cut fire-wood or timber for domestic or other purposes even in the case of villages or lands in which the rights of the Gov-ernment to the trees have been reserved under section 40 of the Code. Section 48 of the Code sets out the manner of assessment and altera-tion of assessment of any land. It provides that the land .revenue leviable on any land shall be assess,d with reference to the use of the land-(a) for the purpose of agriculture, (b) for the purpose of building and ( c) for a purpose other than agriculture or building. Sub-section (3) of section 48 of the Code em-powers the Collector or a survey officer, subject to any rules rnaqe in this behalf, to prohibit the use for certain purposes of any land liable to the payment of land revenue and to summarily evict any holder who uses or attempts to use the same for any such pro-hibited purpose. Chapter VIII lays down the procedure to be follow-ed in the course of survey and settlement proceedings thus ensuring that there is an equitable classification of lands for purposes of levy . of just assessment in the light of the relevant economic factors. The principles underlying the said procedure prohibit the levy of oppres-sive or excessive revenue. There is no scope for levy of extortfonate revenue which may be termed as rackrent.

Chapter VI of the Code deals with tl;ie provisions relating to the grant, use and reliuquishment of land. Section 62 of the Code which Jays down the conditions subject to which unoccupied land may be granted provides th_at the Collector may, subject to such ~Jes as may from time to time be made by the State Government, reqmre the pay-ment of a price for uilalienated land or to sell the same by auction or to annex such conditions as he may deem fit. Rule 37 of the Bombay Land Revenue Rules, 1921 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Rules') which are promulgated by the State Government in exercise of its powers under sections 213 and 214 of the Code provides that any unoccupied survey number not assigned for any special purpose may, at the Collector's discretion, be granted for agricultural purposes to such person as the Collector deems fit, either upon payment of a price fixed by the Collector, or without charge, or may be put up to public auction. When land is granted under section 62 read with Rule 37, the grantee acquires a heritable and transferable occpancy right over the land granted, subject to the lawful conditions imposed under the grant. The proviso to section 68 of the Code, however, provides that notwithstanding any provision in the Code, it shall not be unlawful f9r the Collector at any time to grant permission to any person to occupy any unalienated unoccupied land for such period and on such conditions as he may, subject to rules made by the State Government in that behalf prescribe and in any such cas~ the occupancy shall be held only for the period and subject to the condition~ so prescribed. Rule 32 of the Rules pro-vides that land may be given free of price and free of revenue, whether in perpetuity or for a term, for any of the purposes specified in column 1 referred to in the table given below that rule viz. for sites for the construction at the cost of a municipality, a panchayat or other local bodies of schools or colleges etc., for sites used or to be used in connection with any scheme under the Community Develop· ment Programme, for sites used or to be used as market yards under the management of market committees established under the Gujarat Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1963 etc. Rule 35 of the Rules empowers the Collector to exempt from payment of land ·revenue without any limit lands used for sites of hospitals, dispensaries, schools etc. Under Rule 41 of the Rules, land situated in the bed of a river !J.nd not included in a survey number can, save as otherwise provided in sections 46 and 64, ordinarily be leased annually by auction to the highest bidder for the term of one year or such further period as the Co_!lector may think fit and the accepted bid should be deemed to be the land revenue chargeable on such land. The language of this rule also enables the State Government to dispose of snch lands in any other equitable way. This Rule, however, does not apply to a land which is situated in the bed of a river and which is included in a survey number. Rule 42 of the Rules empowers the Collector to dispose of unoccupied land required or suitable for building sites or other non-agricultural purpose either by public auction or in his discretian by private arrangement either upon payment of a price fixed by him, or without charge, as he deems fit.

These and the other provisions of the Code and the Rules made thereunder show that it is open to the Collector to dispose of unoccu-pied lands belonging to the Government either for cnltivation or for any other purpose in favour of individuals or aggregate of individuals either free of charge or at an upset price to be fixed by him or by public auction. A historical review of the several GoverllII1ent orders passed under the Code shows that lands belonging to Government had been set apart free of charge for several public purposes such as free pastu-rage, burial grounds, roads, religious institutions, village sites, cattle stands, dhobies' ghats, potters'. grounds, threshing floors etc. Land revenue was remitted when there were drought conditions. Forfeited • holdings were often given back to defaulters who had !J.Ot paid land

revenue once again on payment of arrears out of compassion. Tagavi loans were given by Govefl!illent to occupants to improve lands. Some of the Government orders relating to grants of lands to private indi-viduals may be stated here by way of illustration. An order passed by the Government of Bombay in the year 1931 authorised grant of laods to kolis and other wild tribes in jungle tracts without payment of any occupancy price. Another order passed in 1924 directed that grants of waste lands to members belonging depr~sed classes should be liberally made. An order of the year 1925 for grants of lands to co-operative societies free of charge. Liberal grants of lands were made to military pensioners at concessional rates. All these orders were passed during the British rule by the State Government in exer-cise of its powers under the Code. The dominant purpose of the Code, therefore, appears to be public welfare, even though land revenue which was recoverable under the Code constituted an important source of revenue of the State Govemmenl

After India became independent, land reforms measures had to be introduced by the States in India to prevent concentration of land in a few hands and to impose ceiling on the extent of land that could be held by an individual or a familY, to take possession of land from individuals or families which was in excess of the ceiling so imposed and to distribute such excess land amongst persons belonging to Sche-duled Castes, Scheuled Tribes and other weaker sections of society. All these laws were made in order to implement the Directive Princi-ples of State Policy contained in Articles 38, 39 and 46 of the Consti-tution by strengthening agrarian economy. Never before was there a greater need as during the post-Constitution period for administering land revenue laws in an equitable manner so that the ecnnomic interests of the weaker sections of the society and in particular ·of members belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are protected

GUJARAT v. V. D. CHATURBHAI (Venkataramiah, !.) 1197 aud promoted. It has to, be mentioned here that there is no provision in the Code or the Rules made thereunder which prohibits disposal -0f occupancy rights or lease-hold rights in respect of unoccupied lands in any manner other than public auction. When it is felt that it is necessary to acquire excessive lands in the hands of private individuals for distribution amongst the landless and other deserving persons, it is equally necessary to observe the same rule while distributing the land which belongs to the State Government. In view of the fore-going, we are of the view that the conclusion reached by the High Conrt that the basic scheme of the Code was the realization of land revenue by disposing of unoccupied lands by public anction alone appears to be baseless. We, therefore, find it difficult to agree that the impugned Resolution which provides for the disposal of bhatha lands amongst bonafide agriculturists, harijans, adivasis and backward elass people and other persons mentioned therein without resorting to public auction but by having recourse to the procednre set out in it is contrary to the letter a'nd the spirit of the code. We, therefore, set aside the finding of the High Court on the above question.

We shall now proceed to examine the question whether the im-pugned Resolution is violative of Article 14 of the Con3titution. The grievance of the writ petitioners was that they were denied the oppor-tunity to acquire the lease-hold rights at the public auction as a con-sequence of the policy of disposal of bhatha lands contained in the Resolution. The finding of the High Court on the above question appears to have been influenced by its view on the object with which the Code was enacted and this becomes obvious from the following observation of the High Court :-

"As we have already pointed out, the object sought to be achieved is completely a. collateral object and the criteria which are adopted for the alleged classification viz. the mem-bership of the co-operative society and the persons being Harijans, Adivasis or backward class people have no rational nexus whatever to the object of augmenting land revenue, which would be the implicit object underlying the entire Code, including this statutory power of disposal of the said lands for the benefit of the public. The C-Ode never contemplated any exclusion of persons when such statutory power was sought to be exercised by the State by any statutory order. Therefore, this statutory order clearly violates Article 14 of the Constitution and even on that ground it must be struck down."

For the purpose of determining the question whether the impugned Resolution is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution or not, it is necessary to examine whether the classification adopted by the State Government is based upon some intelligible differentia which distin-guishes individuals and co-operative societies in whose favour grants of lease-hold rights in bhatha lands are required to be made by the Collector from others and whether the said classification bears any I reasonable relation to the object underlying the Code. The High Court

has proceeded on the basis that the classification made by the Resolu-tion does not have any rational relation to the object of the Code which according to it was realization of revenue and nothing more than that. We have explained earlier that the object of the Code is to make pro-vision for an equitable distribution of available land amongst persons who are in need of it. As mentioned earlier, the State Government is under an obligation to ensure that the ownership and the control of material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub-serve the co=on good and the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the co=on detriment. In India which is predominantly an agricultural country, land forms the most important means of production. It is well known that unemployment among the masses is on the increase because employment opportnnities are not increasing at the same rate at which the population is increasing. Consequently we find in India to day a large number of landless persons and persons with unecono-mic holdings in villages who are either unemployed or under-employed. It is also equally well-known that persons belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes form the bulk of such landless persons or owners of uneconomic holdings who are in need of special care. It is also the settled policy of the State Governments to encourage co-operative movement, which is embarked upon with a view to pre-venting exploitation of ecbnomically weaker sections of society by others. The State Government in the instant case appears to have passed the impugned Resolution in order to grant leases in respect of bhatha lands in favour of landless persons or persons having very small extents of land or persons belonging to Scheduled Castes, Sche-duled Tribes. and backward classes and members of co-operative societies at a reasonable rent without being put to the necessity of offering bids at a public auction where it is well known that only moneyed persons can become successful bidders. The impugned Resolution lays down the procedure to be followed in the disposal of lease-hold rights in respect of bhatha lands. It does not relate to all unoccupied lands available in the State of Gujarat. The total extent of bhatha lands available in the State of Gujarat when compared with other available unoccupied lands may be a very small extent. The writ petitioners on whom the burden of proving that the impugned

GUJARAT v. V. D. CHATURBHAI (Venkataramiah, !.) 1199 Resolution is discriminatory have not furnished any information about the extent of Bhatha lands available for disposal Clauses ( 1) and (2) of the Resolution provide that the existing leases held by co-operative societies should be renewed on their expiry only in favour of the members of such co-operative societies subject to certain condi-tions for a further period of ten years on payment of revised rent which should be fixed on the basis of the factors referred to therein. Clause (3) of the Resolution, provides that leases of bhatha lands granted in favour of individuals should not be renewed on their expiry but they should be disposed of in favour of bonafide agriculturists who belong to the weaker sections of society and co-operative farming societies on the basis of priority set out in clause (5) thereof. The rent payable by them should again be determined in accordance with the instruc-tions given in the Resolution. The Resolution is designed to bring about distribution of agricultural lands as best to subserve the common good thus eliminating concentration of wealth and means of produc-tion to the common detriment. It helps persons, who are -in need of lands for their bare maintenance and who have otherwise no chance of getting them, to acquire lands at a low rate of rent. -

The classification made in the impugned Resolution of persons or co-operative societies who are eligible to secure grants of lease hold rights, according to us, bears a reasonable relation to the object with which the Code is enacted. It cannot be characterised as arbitrary. We do not find that there is any infirmity in the above classification. The Resolution aims at bringing about social and economic justice and assists people who are not strong enough to secure lease-hold rights of a public auction for purposes of cultivation. The leases to be granted are not for any unlimited period. At the end of the period prescribed in the leases, it will be open to the Collector to dispose them of afresh. In the above circumstances, we hold that the High Court was in error in holding that the Resolution was violative of Article 14 of the Con-stitution.

For the foregoing reasons, we allow these appeals, set aside the common judgment and order passed by the High Court and dismiss the writ petitions. We feel that in the circumstances of the case, the State Government should pay the costs of respondent No. 1 in Civil Appeal No. 284 of 1970. We order accordingly. The other parties shall bear their own costs.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 281-285 of 1970.

From the Judgment and Order dated 25/28-4-1969 of the Gujarat High Court in SCA Nos. 1520, 850, 1079, and 1117 of 1967 and 201 of 1968.

S. T. Desai, P. H. Parekh, C. B. Singh and M. N. Shroff for the Appellants.

Mrs. E. Udayarathnam for respondent No. 1 in CA 284/70.