Dr. Noorul Hudha N v. The State of Tamil Nadu (2024:MHC:5725)

Court: High Court of Madras
Decided: 8 January 2024
Bench: Anita Sumanthauthor
Case no.: WP 272/2024

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Judgment

2024:MHC:5725 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS Dated: 08.01.2024 CORAM THE HONOURABLE DR. JUSTICE ANITA SUMANTH

WMP.Nos.339, 340, 320, 323, 329, 331 & 336 of 2024 WP.No.262 of 2024

1.Dr.Sadhana Kethavath

2.Dr.Anu Sree S.C.

3.Dr.Sindhuja.P

4.Dr.Sowmiya I.

5.Dr.Adbul Salam A.

6.Dr.Sinduja M

7.Dr.M.S.Sanghavee

8.Dr.Jayadevi C. ... Petitioners Vs

1.The State of Tamil Nadu Represented by its Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Secretariat, Chennai-600 009.

2.Directorate of Medical Education, Represented by the Director of Medical Education, Kilpauk, Chennai-600 010.

3.Directorate of Medical and Rural Health Services Represented by the Director of Medical Health and Rural Health Services, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

4.Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Represented by the Director of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

5.Government Stanley Medical College Represented by its Dean, No.1, Old Jail Road, Chennai-600 001.

6.Thanjavur Government Medical College Represented by its Dean Thanjavur – 613 004.

7.Coimbatore Government Medical College Represented by its Dean Coimbatore-641 018.

8.Madras Medical College, Represented by its Dean E.V.R.Salai, Chennai – 600 003.

9.Government Villupuram Medical College Represented by its Dean Mundiyampakkam, Villupuram – 605 601. ... Respondents PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying to issue a Writ of Mandamus directing the Respondents to treat the Petitioner's two-year compulsory bond period as completed, and to consequently direct the respondent Nos.5 to 9 to return the petitioners' original certificates and documents collected by the respondent Nos.5 to 9 while admitting the petitioners to the post graduate degree course along with their Post Graduate degree certificate. WP.No.272 of 2024

1.Dr.Noorul Hudha N.

2.Dr.Soundhirarajan V

3.Dr.R.Thilaga

4.Dr.Adithya S.B.

5.Dr.A.Kurinchi

6.Dr.S.Kousalya

7.Dr.Shanmugapriya K.K.

8.Dr.Aarthi K.

9.Dr.Nandhini S.

10.Dr.K.Abirami

11.Dr.S.G.Anish Chakravarthy

12.Dr.Gokulakrishnan K.

13.Dr.Saravana Priya J.K.

14.Dr.Arul Sivam D.

15.Dr.Asharudeen M.

16.Dr.Allem Mounika

17.Dr.Mohammed Rashid V.U.

18.Dr.Deepikalakshmi M.

19.Dr.S.Bhuvaneswari

20.Dr.Manoj K.

21.Dr.Pavithra P.

22.Dr.R.Radhakrishnan

23.Dr.J.Janani

24.Dr.Kirthana C.

25.Dr.Beema Salim S.F. ... Petitioners Vs

1.The State of Tamil Nadu Represented by its Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Secretariat, Chennai-600 009.

2.Directorate of Medical Education, Represented by the Director of Medical Education, Kilpauk, Chennai-600 010.

3.Directorate of Medical and Rural Health Services Represented by the Director of Medical Health and Rural Health Services, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

4.Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Represented by the Director of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

5.The Deputy Director of Health Services Attur, Salem.

6.The Joint Director of Medical and Rural Health Services, The Nirligirs.

7.Thanjavur Government Medical College Represented by its Dean Thanjavur 613 004.

8.The Deputy Director of Health Services Coimbatore.

9.The Joint Director of Medical and Rural Health Service Tiruppur.

10.Government Chengalpattu Medical College Represented by its Dean G.S.T. Road, Chengalpattu District, Kancheepuram 603001.

11.The Deputy Director of Health Services Tiruvallur.

12.The Deputy Director of Health Services Namakkal.

13.The Deputy Director of Health Services Sivakasi.

14.The Deputy Director of Health Services Thanjavur.

15.The Deputy Director of Health Services Thiruvannamalai.

16.The Deputy Director of Health Services Villupuram.

17.The Deputy Director of Health Services Madurai.

18.The Deputy Director of Health Service Chengalpattu.

19.The Deputy Director of Health Services Kancheepuram.

20.KAP Viswanatham Government Medical College Represented by its Dean Periyamilaguparai, Collectors Office Road, Trichy 620 001.

21.Government Kilpauk Medical College Represented by its Dean Poonamalee High Road, Kilpauk, Chennai 600 010.

22.Government Stanley Medical College Represented by its Dean No. 1, Old Jail Road, Chennai 600 001.

23.Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital Represented by its Dean Avinashi Road, Coimbatore 641 018.

24.Government Chengalpattu Medical College Represented by its Dean G.S.T. Road, Chengalpattu District, Kancheepuram 603001

25.Madurai Medical College Represented by its Dean Panagal Road, Alwarpuram, Madurai 625 050

26.Government Thoothukkudi Medical College Represented by its Dean Kamaraj Nagar, 3rd Mile, Thoothukudi-628 008.

27.Madras Medical College Represented by its Dean E.V.R. Salai, Chennai 600 003.

28.Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College Represented by its Dean Fort Main Road, Salem 636 002.

... Respondents PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying to issue a Writ of Mandamus directing the Respondents to treat the Petitioners two-year compulsory bond period as completed, and to consequently direct the Respondent Nos. 2 to 19 to relieve the Petitioners from the bonded service, and to direct the Respondent Nos. 20 to 28 to return the Petitioners original certificates and documents collected by the Respondent Nos. 20 to 28 while admitting the Petitioners to the post graduate degree course along with their Post Graduate degree certificate. WP.No.267 of 2024

1.Dr.Naveen V

2.Dr.Bismi Nisha ... Petitioners Vs

1.The State of Tamil Nadu Represented by its Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Secretariat, Chennai-600 009.

2.Directorate of Medical Education, Represented by the Director of Medical Education, Kilpauk, Chennai-600 010.

3.Directorate of Medical and Rural Health Services Represented by the Director of Medical Health and Rural Health Services, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

4.Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Represented by the Director of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

5.Government Medical College, Nagapattinam Represented by its Dean Elanjeran Nagar, Nagapattinam HO, Nagapattinam – 611 001.

6.Deputy Director of Health Services Tenkasi.

7.Kanyakumari Government Medical College, Represented by its Dean, Kanyakumari District – 629 201.

8.Thoothukudi Government Medical College, Represented by its Dean Kamaraj Nagar, 3rd Mile, Thoothukudi – 628 008. ... Respondents PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying to issue a Writ of Mandamus directing the Respondents to treat the Petitioner's two-year compulsory bond period as completed and to consequently direct the respondents Nos.1 to 6 to relieve the petitioners from the bonded service, and to direct the Respondent Nos.5 to 8 return the petitioner's original Certificates and documents collected by the Respondent Nos. 7 and 8 while admitting the petitioners to the post graduate degree course along with their Post Graduate degree certificates. WP.No.266 of 2024 Dr.Sumi Francis M. ... Petitioner Vs

1.The State of Tamil Nadu Represented by its Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Secretariat, Chennai-600 009.

2.Directorate of Medical Education, Represented by the Director of Medical Education, Kilpauk, Chennai-600 010.

3.Directorate of Medical and Rural Health Services Represented by the Director of Medical Health and Rural Health Services, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

4.Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Represented by the Director of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 359, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.

5.Stanley Medical College Represented by its Dean, No.1, Old Jail Road, Chennai-600 001. ... Respondents PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying to issue a Writ of Mandamus directing the Respondents to treat the petitioner's two-year compulsory bond period as completed, and to consequently direct the 5th respondent to return the petitioner's original certificates and documents collected by the 5th respondent while admitting the petitioner to the post graduate degree course along with their Post Graduate degree certificate. In all W.P.'s For Petitioners :Mr.Suhrith Parthasarathy For Respondents :Mr.Vadivelu Deenadayalan, Additional Government Pleader C O M M O N O R D E R Heard Mr.Suhrith Parthasarathy, learned counsel for the petitioners and Mr.A.Anandan, learned Government Advocate for the State.

2.WMP Nos.339, 331 & 320 of 2024 filed seeking permission to file single Writ Petitions are ordered on payment of separate Court fee.

¶3I have considered an identical prayer as in the present Writ Petitions in W.P.No.28238 of 2023 and have held as follows: The petitioner is a Doctor, who had completed Post Graduation in General Medicine from KAP Viswanathan Medical College in the non service category. He had completed the course in May, 2022 and had, at the time of admission to the course, executed a bond for a sum of Rs.40 lakhs undertaking that he would serve the State for a period of two years after completion of the course. The bond period, admittedly, runs till 31.05.2024.

¶2Within a few months of commencing the course, the Covid 19 pandemic had struck and the petitioner, and, in fact several other identically / similarly placed candidates, were required to be on covid duty in R5 Hospital. Though no appointment orders could be issued seeing as the petitioner was a student then, his services during the covid period is not disputed as duty sheets for the service rendered have duly been produced by the petitioner and verified by the respondent counsel.

¶3The question as to whether covid duty would constitute in-bond service is no longer res integra having been considered and accepted by two learned Judges in W.P.No.26556 of 2022 (decision dated 02.02.2023) and W.P.No.22894 of 2023 (decision dated 08.09.2023). In these cases, the petitioners were students who were required to perform covid duty during their course and this Court has held, and I concur with these decisions, that the covid duty rendered by the students should be taken note of as service during the bond period.

¶4An additional question that arises in this case is as to whether quarantine relatable to covid period is also be taken as bond service. The period of quarantine is, in my considered view, nothing but an extension of covid duty itself as the Rules prevalent then required mandatory quarantine. The petitioner would well have continued with the duty in the covid ward itself has it not been for the mandate of compulsory quarantine. Thus, taking the period of quarantine also as on-duty, such period in this case is quantified as 150 days. On-duty call sheets duly signed by the Dean of R5 college have been produced by the petitioner. This will advance the closure of bond period to 02.01.2024 from

31.05.2024.

¶5The petitioner's request for a mandamus directing the respondents to treat compulsory bond period as concluding on

02.01.2024 is accepted. R5 is directed, upon completion of bond period on 02.01.2024, to return to the petitioner, his original certificates received at the time of admission to PG course.

¶6Allowed in the above terms. No costs. Connected miscellaneous petition is closed.

¶4Yet another development has been noted by me in W.P.Nos.32073, 33124, 32505, 32512, 29724 and 32380 of 2023 to following effect: The issue of treating Covid duty as period of duty for the purpose of computing of bond service now stands settled categorically by virtue of an order passed by the First Bench in W.P.Nos25827, 25785 and 27568 of 2023, decided on

16.11.2023.

¶2Those Writ Petitions relate to the recruitment of Assistant Surgeons. In the course of the discussion, the First Bench has settled the position that, both for the purpose of Under Graduate (UG) as well as Post Graduate (PG) medical education, the duties performed during covid period/treating covid patients should be treated as eligible duty.

¶3The discussion from paragraph 7 onwards is clear to this effect and reads as follows:

¶7It is true that the services rendered by the Post~Graduate students is part of their 36 months period training which they undergo. The said period is supposed to be the practical training towards the subject in which they undergo the study. Because of the abnormal situation arising out of the COVID - 19 pandemic, they were also roped in COVID - 19 duty in the COVID ~ 19 wards in the Government Hospitals. It is not in dispute that they put in the same kind of duty and underwent the same rigors as that of the other medical officers recruited by the State Government. As a matter of fact, the persons, who were recruited by the State Government for the said purpose of performing COVID ? 19 duty in these wards which are set up as part of the disaster management, are categorised as Medical Officers.

7.1. It may be seen that both these temporary appointees as well as the Post~Graduate medical students are registered medical practitioners eligible to be appointed as Assistant Surgeons. Service to the Health Department, Government of Tamil nadu is governed by the Statutory Rules known as Tamil Nadu Medical Service Rules. It contains two parts namely, Branch~I Medical and Branch~II Nursing. As far as the medical cadre is concerned, as per Rule 2, it is divided into Civil Surgeon cadre and Assistant Surgeon cadre. All the entry level posts of Assistant Surgeon in the general line, Non~Clinical Lectures, Tutors / Assistant Professors, Clinical Lecturers, Senior Residents / Assistant Professors and the Women State Family Planning Officer are all grouped under the cadre of Assistant Surgeon. Thus, it can be seen that there is no such post as such called Medical Officer. But, the term Medical Officer is widely used in the rules to denote every registered medical practitioner appointed to any post. When it comes to deputing personnel for the Chennai City Police, they are called Medical Officers to the Chennai City Police. The Senior Residents are also termed as Resident Medical Officers. Similarly, the term Medical Officer is generally used in the context of referring to the person who is working in any capacity with the qualified medical degree (in common parlance, the Doctors working in the department).

¶4Thus, the submission of the respondents to the effect that PG students were only been given 'training' and that such service must be disregarded for computation of duty/bond period cannot be accepted. In light of the decision of the First Bench cited supra affirming the principle that the duty performed by PG students during Covid period must be taken as regular medical service.

¶5The State has now issued G.O.Ms.No.371 dated

18.11.2023 directing that the term 'Medical Officers' mentioned at Para 5.1(i) of G.O.(MS.) No.278, Health and Family Welfare (B1) Department dated 17.08.2023 be replaced as 'Medical Officers including Post Graduate Students'. The authorities have been directed to issue certificates confirming the number of days when covid duty was performed by the students.

¶6In light of the above, let such certificates be issued to the petitioners at least two days prior to the next date of hearing. List on 05.12.2023. Written instructions/counter, if any, by then with an advance copy to the petitioners.

¶5The petitioners have received covid duty certificates in terms of G.O.Ms.No.371 dated 18.11.2023 and G.O.(MS.) No.278 dated 17.08.2023.

¶6The details of the post-graduation courses completed by the petitioners and the number of days of covid duty rendered by the petitioners as per the certificates issued by the respondents, are as follows: WP.No. PETITIONERS' NAME PG in : PG COURSE DURATION OF COVID-19 DUTY PRESENTLY POSTED/ SERVING AT 266 of 2024 Dr.Sumi Francis M Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 TO May 2022) Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy (DVL) March 2020 to April 2022 (2 years and 2 months) - WP.No. PETITIONERS' NAME PG in : PG COURSE DURATION OF COVID-19 DUTY PRESENTLY POSTED/ SERVING AT 267 of 2024 Dr.Naveen V. Kanyakumari Government Medical College (May 2020 to May 2023) MS

General Surgery

30.08.2020 to

04.05.2023 (2years,

months, 5 days) Government Medical College, Nagapattinam Dr.Bismi Nisha Thoothukudi Government Medical College (May 2020 to May 2023) MS

General Surgery

05.08.2020 to

04.05.2023 (2years,

months) Government Hospital, Kadayanallur, Tenkasi 262 of 2024 Dr.Sadhana Kethavath Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Radiodiagnosis

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2years and 37 days) - Dr.Anu Sree S.C. Thanjavur Government Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Respiratory Medicine

24.03.2020 to

31.03.2022 (2 years and 8 days) - Dr.Sindhuja P Coimbatore Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Pathology

24.03.2020 to

23.04.2022 (2 years and 1 month) - Dr.Sowmiya I. Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anaesthesiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) - Dr.Abdul Salam A. Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Radiodiagnosis

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 ( 2 years and 37 days) - Dr.Sinduja M. Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anaesthesiology March 2020 to April 2022 ( 2 years and 2 months) - WP.No. PETITIONERS' NAME PG in : PG COURSE DURATION OF COVID-19 DUTY PRESENTLY POSTED/ SERVING AT Dr.M.S.Sanghavee Coimbatore Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Pathology

24.03.2020 to

28.04.2022 (2 years and 35 days) - Dr.Jayadevi C. Government Villupuram Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anaesthesiology

10.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years, 1 month and 21 days) - 272 of 2024 Dr.Noorul Hudha N. KAP Viswanatham Government Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Psychiatry

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Thumbal, Attur Dr.Soundhirarajan V Kilpauk Medical College(May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anaesthesiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Hospital, Pandalur Dr.R.Thilaga Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MS Obstetrics and Gynaecology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Medical College, Thanjavur Dr.Adithya S.B. Coimbatore Medical College & Hospital (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Paediatrics

24.03.2020 to

31.05.2022 (2 years, 2 months and 8 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Periapodu, RBSK(F) Dr.A.Kurinchi Government Chengalpattu Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anesthesiology March 2020 to April 2022 (2 years and 2 months) Government Hospital, Udumalpet, Tiruppur District Dr.S.Kousalya Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MS Obstetrics and Gynecology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Chengalpattu Medical College (Presently

at Government WP.No. PETITIONERS' NAME PG in : PG COURSE DURATION OF COVID-19 DUTY PRESENTLY POSTED/ SERVING AT Peripheral Hospital, Periyar

Nagar, Kolathur) Dr.Shanmugapriya.K .K. Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MS Obstetrics and Gynaecology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Gummidipoondi Government Hospital Dr.Aarthi K. Madurai Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Paediatrics

11.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 40 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Vengarai, Namakkal Dr.Nandhini S. Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Pathology

24.03.2020 to

31.05.2022 (2 years, 2 months and 8 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Chocknathanpudur, Sivakasi Dr.K.Abirami Thoothukudi Medical

College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD

General Medicine

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Hospital, Thirukkattupalli, Thanjavur Dr.S.G.Anish Chakravarthy Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anaesthesiology March 2020 to April

2022 (2years and 2 months) Government Headquarters Hospital, Cheyyar, Thiruvannamalai Dr.Gokulakrishnan K. Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anaesthesiology March 2020 to April 2022 (2 years and 2 months) Government Headquarters Hospital, Gudalur, Nilgiris Dr.Saravana Priya J.K. Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Microbiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Poonimangadu, Tiruvallur Dr.Arul Sivam D. Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anaesthesiology March 2020 to April 2022 (2 years and 2 months) Government Primary Health

Centre, Veerapandi Mugayur Block, Villupuram (Presently at PHC, WP.No. PETITIONERS' NAME PG in : PG COURSE DURATION OF COVID-19 DUTY PRESENTLY POSTED/ SERVING AT Perumbakkam, Chengalpet) Dr.Asharudeen M. Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anesthesiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years & 37 days) Government Hospital Thirumangalam, Madurai (Presently at Government District Headquarters Hospital, Usilampatti, Madurai) Dr.Allem Mounika Stanley

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Paediatrics

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Poonimangadu, Tiruvallur Dr.Mohammed Rashid V.U. Kilpauk Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anesthesiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Hospital,

Kottur, Coimbatore Dr.Deepikalakshmi M Kilpauk Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anesthesiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Periyakayapakkam, Chengalpet Dr.S.Bhuvaneswari KAP Viswanatham Government Medical

College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anesthesiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Hospital, Chetpet, Thiruvanamalai Dr.Manoj K Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Paediatrics

24.03.2020 to

15.05.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Ramachandrapuram, Tiruppur Dr.Pavithra P Chengalpattu Government Medical

College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Paediatrics

24.03.2020 to

31.05.2022 (2 years, 2 months & 8 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Nathakadaiyur, Tiruppur (Presently at PHC, Olakkur, Villupuram) WP.No. PETITIONERS' NAME PG in : PG COURSE DURATION OF COVID-19 DUTY PRESENTLY POSTED/ SERVING AT Dr.R.Radhakrishnan Chengalpattu Government Medical

College (May 2019 to May 2022) MS Orthopaedics 24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Headquarters Hospital, Kancheepuram Dr.J.Janani Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MS ENT

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Hospital,

Pulicat, Tiruvallur Dr.Kirthana C Kilpauk Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MD Anesthesiology

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Primary Health

Centre, Nallanpillaipetral, Villupuram Dr.Beema Salim S.F. Madras

Medical College (May 2019 to May 2022) MS Otorhinolaryngol ogy

24.03.2020 to

30.04.2022 (2 years and 37 days) Government Hospital, Ponneri, Thiruvallur

¶7Mr.Vadivelu Deenadayalan, learned Additional Government Pleader for the respondents would categorically confirm that the particulars set out in the tabulation above have been verified with the authorities to be correct and representing the proper sequence of events.

¶8In light of the above, nothing stands in the way of the petitioners being given the benefit of mandamus as sought, to treat the two year compulsory bond period as completed. In fact, in all the cases, they have rendered service in excess of the two years provided for under the Bond.

¶9The petitioners are hence released from bonded Government service and there is a direction to the Deans of the respective colleges all arrayed as respondents in the Writ petitions to return their original certificates when the petitioners presents themselves before them, forthwith.

¶10These Writ Petitions are disposed in the aforesaid terms. No costs. Connected Miscellaneous Petitions are closed.

08.01.2024 sl Index : Yes/No Speaking Order:Yes To